Plant cells, tissues, and organs
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53 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Parenchyma | Most abundant type of cell in plants; spherical or elongated cells with thin flexible walls; most usually have a large central vacuole; sometimes contains fluid or sap; main functions are storage and food production |
| Collenchyma | Cells thicker to provide support; irregular in shape; specialized for supporting regions of the plant that are still lengthening |
| Sclerenchyma | Very thick rigid walls provide support; support and strengthen plant in areas where growth is no longer occurring; dead at maturity providing a frame if support |
| Plant tissues | Dermal vascular and ground |
| Dermal tissue | Forms the outside covering; epidermis is one of the layers; openings in the leaf and stem epidermis called stomata |
| epidermis | composed of flattened parenchyma cells; covers all parts of the plant, tightly packed together and produces the waxy cuticle |
| stomata | openings in the cuticle that control the exchange of gases; guard cells control the opening and closing |
| root hairs | epidermis gives rise to; extentions are indiviual cells that help the root absorb water and minerals |
| trichomes | epidermis gives rise to; on the stem and leaves of some plants, giving them a fuzzy apperance |
| vascular tissue | transport food, minerals, water throughout the plant; types are xylem and phloem |
| xylem | plant tissue composed of tube-shaped cells that transport warer and minerals upward; made up of tracheids and vessel elements which are cylindrical and dead at maturity (sclerenchyma); |
| vessel elements | better at doing their job than trachieds |
| trachieds | in seedless vascular plants and in most gymnosperms |
| phloem | series of living tubular cells (sieve tube members) that transport sugars from the leaves to all parts of the plant; have companion cells the keep them ALIVE; parenchyma cells |
| companion cells | next to each parenchyma cells in the phloem; nucleated cells that help manage transport through the STM |
| sieve plates | the end walls between the two STM's in angiosperms |
| ground tissue | storage, metabolism and support; includes all tissues other than dermal and vascular; mainly composed of parenchyma cells but has collenchyma and sclerenchyma as well; fuctions- photosynthesis (leaves and stem) storage (stem and root) and support |
| Meristematic tissue | control growth; regions of actively dividing cells; small, spherical parenchyma cells with large nuclei |
| Apical meristem | found at or near the tips of the roots and stems; allow increase in length; PRIMARY GROWTH |
| Intercalary meristem | located above the bases of leaves and stem in some monocots; allow grass leaves to grow quickly after being mowed |
| lateral meristem | only found in gymnosperms and most dicots; found in roots and stems; allow an increase in width or diameter of a plant SECONDARY GROWTH; two types- Vascular cambium and cork cambium |
| vascular cambium | located between the xylem and phloem; produces new vascular tissue in the stems and leaves |
| cork cambium | located outside the phloem and produces cork; cork cells replace the epidermis in woody stems and roots; provides protection and prevents water loss |
| organs | roots, stems, and leaves |
| root | underground parts of a plant; anchor plant to the ground; absorb water and nutrients(micronutrients and macronutrients) and transport these up to the stem; some may store food; types- tap, fibrous, and adventious |
| tap root | a central, fleshy root with smaller branch roots; DICOT |
| fibrous root | many roots branching from a central place; MONOCOT |
| adventious roots | roots that grow from unusual places; types-aerial and prop |
| aerial roots | cling to objects such as walls and provide support for climbing roots |
| prop roots | help support tall plants |
| root structures | root cap, epidermis, root hairs, xylem and phloem |
| root cap | protective coveringg on the apical meristem that produces a lubricating oil, making it easier for the root to penetrate soil |
| roots in dicots | xylem forms a central star-shaped mass with the phloem cells between |
| roots in monocots | strands of xylem alternate with phloem strands; usually have central core of parenchyma cells=pith (form in a circle) |
| stems | above ground parts of plants that support leaves and flowers; two types-woody and herbaceous; function are to provide supports for all above ground parts, transport water, minerals ions, and sugars to and from the roots and leaves |
| corms | short, thickened underground stems surrounded by leafy scales |
| tubers | swollen, underground stems that have buds that will sprout new plants |
| rhizomes | undergroound stems that store food |
| stolons | grow along soil surface and produce new plants |
| stems in dicots | xylem and phloem are arranged in circular bundles that form a ring in the cortex |
| stems in monocots | vascular bundles of xylen and phloem scattered throughout |
| translocation | he movement of carbs through a plant |
| leaves | primary function-photosynthesis; most are flat with good SA |
| leaf structure | epidermal layer, palisade mesophyll, spongy mesophyll and more of the epidermal layer |
| palisade mesophyll | made up of colums shaped cells containing many chloroplasts; found just under the upper epidermis layer which allows for max. exposure to the sun; most photosynthesis takes place here |
| spongy mesophyll | composed of loosely packed, irregularly shaped cells which are surrounded by many airspaces which allow carbon dioxide, oxygen, and water vapor to flow freely around the cells |
| transpiration | loss of water through the stomata; the opening and closing of the guard cells regulate transpiration; causes plants to lose up to 90% of all water they transport from the roots |
| monocots | parrallel veins |
| dicots | branched veins |
| cactus spines | reduce water loss and protect from herbivores |
| tendrils | clinging |
| food storage | enlarged fleshy leaf bases that cover bulbs |
| catching insects | venus fly trap |
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