Bio 314: Anatomy of the Respiratory System
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65 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Respiration | Exchange of gases from atmosphere to blood to cells |
| Ventilation | mechanical process of moving air into & out of lungs |
| Inspiration | Breathing air into lungs (aka "inhalation") |
| Expiration | Breathing air out of lungs |
| Gas exchange | Movement of gases across membranes |
| Alveolar gas exchange | gas exchange between the lungs and blood |
| Systemic gas exchange | gas exchange between blood and tissue cells |
| Upper Respiratory system consists of: | nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchial tree, lungs |
| External portion of the nose consists of: | bone and cartilage covered w/ muscle, dense CT, and skin |
| External nares | "Nostrils"; 2 openings that allow air to enter nose |
| Nasal Cavity | Hollow space extending into the facial bones of the skull |
| Anterior Portion of the nasal cavity: | Called the "vestibule"; Lined with stratified squamous epithelium and stiff vibrissae |
| Nasal Septum | vertical partition that divides cavity into left & right chambers |
| Palate | Separates naval cavity from the mouth |
| Nasal conchae | curl out of each lateral wall to increase surface area of nasal cavity |
| Turbinate bones | In nasal cavity; covered with mucous membranes |
| Internal Nares | Link nasal cavity to pharynx |
| 3 functions of internal structures of nose: | Warm/moisten/filter particles of incoming air; ciliated pseudostratified mucosa has glands that secrete mucus to trap particles/drive them towards pharynx Detect odors with olfactory receptors in olfactory mucosa Speech sounds are modified by large, hollow resonating chambers |
| Trauma to lower nasal septum | Causes nosebleed |
| Spontaneous bleeding from nose indicates what? | Hypertension |
| Pharynx | Muscular funnel extending from internal nares to larynx |
| Nasopharynx | Uppermost portion of pharynx; contains pharyngeal tonsil (adenoid) |
| What are the openings in the nasopharynx? | 2 openings lead to auditory tubes that connect to middle ears |
| Histology of nasopharynx | lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium and/or stratified squamous epithelium to trap dust laden mucus |
| Oropharynx | Middle portion of pharynx; contains palatine and lingual tonsils |
| Oropharynx | Common passageway for air, food, and drink |
| Histology of oropharynx | Lined with stratified squamous epithelium |
| Laryngopharynx | Links esophagus with larynx |
| Histology of laryngopharynx | Lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar and stratified squamous epithelium |
| Larynx | This is a boxlike structure that is composed of NINE pieces of cartilage; "voice box" |
| Thyroid cartilage | This is also called the "Adam's apple," forms anterior wall of larynx; larger in males due to testosterone |
| Epiglottis | This is a cartilaginous flap that closes glottis during swallowing to prevent food/liquids from entering larynx |
| Cricoid Cartilage | This is a ring of cartilage that attaches larynx to the trachea |
| Function of arytenoid, corniculate, and cuneiform cartilages | Speech production |
| Fibrous ligaments of larynx | These bind pieces of cartilage together and to adjacent structures |
| Extrinsic ligaments | link thyroid cartilage to hyoid bone and cricoid cartilage to trachea |
| Intrinsic ligaments | hold laryngeal cartilages together |
| Vestibular folds/False vocal cords | close glottis during swallowing; superior folds in mucous membrane of larynx |
| True vocal cords | produce sounds as air rushes past them; inferior folds in larynx |
| Intrinsic muscles | These operate vocal cords by pulling on arytenoid and corniculate cartilages |
| How do vocal cords work? | Air is forced between the cords, which causes them to vibrate. Pitch is controlled by tension on vocal cords. |
| Gender differences in vocal cords | Male vocal cords are thicker and longer than female cords |
| Trachea | This is a rigid tube that extends from larynx to the lungs |
| C-shaped cartilage rings | Prevent trachea from collapsing during inhalation or swallowing |
| Trachea Histology | Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium |
| Mucocilliary escalator | This moves mucus and trapped particles up to pharynx so that they can be swallowed |
| Tracheostomy | Incision is made in trachea below cricoid cartilage to create emergency air passageway |
| Intubation | Tube inserted into mouth or nose and passed through larynx and trachea to clear obstruction |
| Left and right primary bronchi | The first division of the trachea. These enter the lungs. |
| Right primary bronchus | Shorter, wider, and more vertical than its counterpart |
| Bronchioles | These is completely surrounded by smooth muscle; they're innervated by ANS to regulate diameter |
| Bronchioles branch into THESE | Terminal bronchioles |
| Terminal bronchioles branch into THESE | Respiratory bronchioles |
| Respiratory bronchioles branch into THESE | Alveolar ducts |
| Hilum | Primary bronchi, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and nerves enter THIS |
| Outer Parietal pleura | Attaches to wall of thoracic membrane |
| Inner Visceral pleura | This covers surface of each lung |
| Pleural cavity | Filled with serious fluid to reduce friction between breathing |
| Pleurisy | Inflammation of pleura caused by cancer, pneumonia, TB; increases friction and causes stabbing pain and shortness of breath |
| How many lobes does each lung lobe have? | Right-3, Left-2 |
| Bronchopulmonary segment | consists of lobules enclosed in elastic CT; each one of THESE is supplied with lymph vessel, arteriole, venule, terminal bronchiole |
| Approximately how many alveoli in each lung? | 150 million (creates 70 square meters of surface for gas exchange) |
| Type I Alveolar Cells | Thin walled simple squamous cells that permit rapid gas exchange |
| Type II Alveolar Cells | These produce surfactant, which lowers surface tension of alveolar fluid to prevent collapse of alveoli during expiration |
| Respiratory membrane | very thin barrier separating alveoli from blood capillaries; gas exchange between lungs and blood occurs |
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