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sensorimotor stage birth - 2 years; infants coordinate sensations with movements schema mental framework/category assimilation taking new info and putting it into an existing schema accommodation taking a new schema or changing an old one to fit new info object permanence objects/events exist even when they can't be experienced with senses causality one thing leads to another habituation with repeated stimulation, there is a decrease in attention preoperational stage achieve symbolic thinking, but limited in terms of logic operations mental category for a set of actions centration focus on one way of thinking to the neglect of others; can only see from one perspective animism projecting life onto inanimate objects egocentrism children's difficulty with seeing from somebody else's perspective conservation altering object's appearance doesn't change its basic properties transductive reasoning seeing cause/relationship where there isn't any concrete operational stage child can reason logically but limited with abstract reasoning formal operational stage achieve the ability to think abstractly echolalia repeating sounds/intonations, not the correct words halophrases one word carries the meaning of many words gesture non-verbal communication accompanying speech that you need speech to understand emblem non-verbal communication accompanying speech that has meaning on its own displacement speaking of objects not physically present private speech speaking to oneself out loud with no intention of talking to others primary biological actions happens spontaneously; don't need to be taught - ex. speaking secondary biological actions not spontaneous; need to be taught - ex. reading and writing whole word approach reading approach based on visual memory- seeing a word in context and remembering it phonics approach reading approach based on verbal coding- sounding a word out affect feelings and emotions cold morality people with problems in the frontal cortex of brain act without thinking mood temporary affective state that fluctuates temperament enduring affective state that has a biological connection feelings internal, private, cognitive aspect of affect emotions external, public, psysiological aspect of affect display rules how, when, and where affect should be displayed ambiversion mix between introversion and extroversion social referencing reading the feelings and emotions of others temperance self-control that leads to moderation and restraint in persuit and expression of pleasures and passions resistance aspect of self-control that is influenced by others restraint aspect of self-control that is controling your own impulses attachment bond that ties one to another in time and space secure attachment child is mildly distressed in caregivers absense and seeks comfort and contact when caregiver is present; as an adult, values closeness and is a secure, free person who trusts easily avoidant insecure attachment child is a little disressed in caregivers absense, but comfort and contact are not strongly desired when caregiver is present; as an adult devalues closeness and has a dismissing personality ambivalent resistant insecure attachment child shows strong distress in caregiver's absense and desires, but rejects comfort and contact when caregiver is present; as an adult is preoccupied and is needy and uneasy disorganized insecure attachment child shows confusion and tramatic distress in caregiver's absense and desires but is wary of comfort and contact when caregiver is present; as an adult, has a fear of being hurt and is fearful and unresolved subitizing basic understanding of quantity where infant can tell a difference in adding or taking away up to 3 objects hope a continual looking forward to the actualization of desire identity sense of who you are and what you are becoming intrapersonal the internal side of identity that shows who you identify yourself as interpersonal the external side of identity the reflects how you identify in relation to others ex. father, brother, friend reactive identity being different than your core self acceptable false self acting a certain way to be accepted because of previous rejection pleasing false self acting a certain way to impress others experimental false self trying on an identity to see what it is like negative identity acting opposite of how you are supposed to act - rebellion achievement type of identity status that have made a commitment and established your identity moratorium type of identity status that have established identity but haven't made a commitment to it yet foreclosure type of identity staus that haven't established own identity yet but have made a commitment ex. arranged marriage or job chosen for you diffusion type of identity status where don't have an established identity and aren't working towards it ex. drifter