1.
Avoid weak inference: specific theory; multiple lines of evidence to test for support
2.
Biological Species Concept: ahistorical; interbreeding group of organisms that is reproductively isolated from other organisms; rooted in pop genetic perspective; sharing of common gene pool binds members together; look similar cause interbreeding
3.
Cladistic Species Concept: lineage of interbreeding organisms that begins when it's parental lineage is divided into two species; ceases to exist when extinct or it speciates
4.
Ecological Species Concept: ahistorical; species created/maintained as discrete entities by ecological conditions; species bound together by exploitation of particular niche; problem-resources continuously distributed so where are species?
5.
Hypothetico-deductive method: observations: facts, data; for explanation to account for data; testable hyothesis consequences of explanation; test hypothesis
6.
Macroevolution: biological evolution above the level of an individual species
7.
Microevolution: biological evolution that occurs within individual species (selection for flower color or a particular form of an enzyme)
8.
Post-darwin phenetics: meausre as many traits as possible on many organisms and use cluster stats to distinguish; how different do organisms have to be? why do they look similar?
9.
Pre-evolutionary thinking: organisms put into groups by morphotype (Phenetic species concept); species defined by reference to speciman that best exemplifies the species (typological approach)
10.
Recognition species concept: group of organisms that have a shared mate recognition system SMRS which they use to identify appropriate mates; emphasis on what causes species to choose eachother as mates rather than what isolates them from other organisms; mating rituals; doesn't work for gametes released in water or vectors like bees
11.
Reproductive isolating mechanisms: Prezygotic- geographical, ecological (different places in same community), temporal, ethological (behavior), different pollinators, gametic isolation (external and internal fertilization). Postzygotic- hybrid inviability (hybrids die during development), hybrid sterility (hybrids are sterils), hybrid breakdown (first gen viable but others aren't)
12.
Reproductive species concepts: foundation in pop genetic perspective; species defined by gene pool; mechanism that maintains gene pool- isolating or cohesion (SMRS)
13.
Speciation: chief process by which life's diversity has been generated; goals- understand what species is, look at how species generate, look at evidence for speciation by different modes, consider importance of different modes
14.
Strong inference: test hypothesis or aternative hypotheses using carefully constructed experiments that control critical factors (causation inferred with high degree of confidence) (macro- testes by weak)
15.
Two sets of species concepts: Ahistorical- horizontal; define species at a moment in time; Historical- vertical; define species from time of inception until they speciate or go extinct
