| Term | Definition |
| louis philippe | France, refusal to reform, he got rid of civil liberties, flees to england |
| louis blanc | fills power vacuum, hero of 1848, workshops failed because gov. didn't have resources |
| louis napoleon | used mass politics and rhetoric to win, first and only president of the 2nd french republic |
| german revolutions | wave of romantic nationalism, passion plays-Jews obstacle of German unification |
| prussia | Frederick IV |
| german trade union | eliminated internal tariffs |
| frankfurt assembly | goal=unite germany, romantic nationalism vs. liberal nationalism |
| magyar liberalism | Austria, wanted to own government, oppress people |
| emperor francis joseph I | ended serfdom in 1848 |
| buda, prague, and vienna | rebellions throughout Austria, nationalism, constitutional ideas |
| prague | russians crushed, last act of Concert of Europe |
| results of austrian rebellions | liberalism and nationalism divided movements, ended serfdom, revolutions were failures, limited to no change |
| mazzini | Young Italy (organization), italy will be great when united (Great Roman Republic) |
| venice | declared itself a republic (free from Habsburgs), defeated by 1849 |
| piedmont, kingdom of sardinia | charles albert and "Italian Leadership", buffer for France, natural leader of Italian unification, liberal constitution, defeated by 1849 but maintained liberal constitution |