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affirmative action Designing remedies for overcoming racism and sexism by taking race and sex into account aliens any persons who are not U.S. citizens Regents of UC v Bakke A Supreme Court ruling stating that a college may not use an explicit numerical quota in admitting minorities but could "take race into account", The Court held that while affirmative action systems are constitutional, a quota system based on race is unconstitutional. Brown v. Board of Education A Supreme Court descision declaring segregated inherently unequal buffer zone Device used, and upheld by the Court to address concerns about protestors at abortion clinics civil rights The rights of citizens to vote, recieve equal treatment before the law, and share benefits of public facilities. compensatory action Helping disadvantaged people catch up, usually by giving them extra eduacation, training, or services. de facto segregation segregation that exists by that was not created by law de jure segregation segregation created by law equality of results distributing desired things equally to the races freedom of choice a school integration plan mandating no particular racial balence Griswold v. Connecticut Landmark case in which the Court first founf a "right to privacy in the Const. Hyde Amendment Legislation that barred the use of the federal funds for nearly any abortion. Martin Luther King Jr. An early nonvolent leader in black civil right NAACP a black interest group active primarily in the courts nonviolent civil disobedience a philosophy of peaceful violation laws considered unjust and accepting punishment for the violation NOW a leading feminist organization Plessy v. Fergeson a supreme court decision upholding state enforced racial segregation preferential treatment giving minorities preference in hiring, promotions, college admissions, and contracts reasonableness the standard by which the court judges gender-based classifications Reconstruction post-civil war era when southern laws protected blacks' freedoms Reed v. Reed Landmark case declaring gender discrimination a violation under the Equal Protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment and asserting the reasonableness standard for such discrimination reverse discrimination the use of race or sex to giver preferential treatment to blacks or women Roe v. Wade a ruling that declared all state laws prohibiting abortion unconstitutional Rostker v. Goldberg a ruling that held the Congress may draft men but not women separate-but-equal doctrine the standard under which the court once upheld racial segregation strict scrutiny the standard by which the Supreme Court judges classifications based on race; they must have a compelling public purpose suspect classification A legal distinction that the Supreme Court scrutinizes especially closely equality of opportunity offering the races an equal chance at desired things