| Term | Definition |
|---|
| Clovis | Frankish king who conquered Roman Gaul--used Frankish customs but preserved Roman, converted to Christianity (won Gaul's support, ally in Church of Rome) |
| Charles Martel | French, won at Tours against the advancing Muslim army |
| Charlemagne | AKA Charles the Great, Charles Martel's grandson, unity of Western Europe-- France, Germany, part of Italy-- like former Roman empire, 46-year reign |
| Abbot Berno | reforms: revived Benedictine rule, excluded nobles from monastic affairs, filled Cluny monastery with pious men |
| Francis of Assisi | Italian Monk who founded the Franciscan order; he devoted his life to serving the poor & sick. |
| St. Dominic | set up Dominican order of friars to combat heresy with the official teachings |
| St. Patrick | missionary who formed first Irish Church |
| Benedict | organized Monte Cassino in Southern Italy, set of rules for monastic life |
| Hildegard | wrote music & diverse books; honestly advised rulers |
| Bede | wrote earliest history of England, introduced use of BC and AD |
| William the Conqueror | E. Duke of Normandy at 7 years old who claimed the throne after Edward, eventually got it in 1066, became William the Conqueror and kept control as king, |
| Henry II | E. 1154. Energetic and educated, did lots for system of royal justice, increasing royal authority. The ordeal about clergy with Beckett |
| Eleanor | important political force, inherited SW France, queen of England, wife of Louis 7, then Henry 2, 2nd crusade; revolt, so prison, Richard freed her |
| King John | E. his abuse of power led to him being forced to sign the Magna Carta in 1215 by nobles, which protected feudal rights as well as the rights of the townspeople, Church. Henry's son |
| Edward I | E. Anglo-Saxon king who died without a heir, so people fought over the thrown. |
| Hugh Capet | et F. 987. used to be the Count of Paris, elected by nobles for his weakness. He increased royal power during his reign. |
| Philip II | F. 1275. clashed with pope when he taxed clergy. When pope argued, he threatened to arrest clergymen, eventually sent troops which led to the pope |
| Louis IX | F. 1226, 1270. king, saint, most admired?, ideal monarch (very generous, noble, devoted to justice & chivalry, very religious) He persecuted nonbelievers and improved the royal government, 7th crusade |
| Otto I | Duke of Saxony; friends with Church (gave jobs to bishops and defeated Roman rebels) This caused him to be crowned King of Germany when he ruled a large empire in which the vassals and churchmen had power. |
| Pope Gregory VII | reformed a lot and determined to challenge secular authority. He caused a lot of conflict and was admired by many and hated by many. He banned lay investiture, which angered Henry IV |
| Henry IV | angry about Gregory VII's ban of lay investiture. They exchanged insulting notes. This eventually led to the Concordat of Worms. |
| Pope Urban II | called for the 1st Crusade to free the Holy Land at the Council of Clermont |
| Richard the Lionhearted | from England; successful in fighting several crusader battles but eventually driven out by Saladin; |
| Saladin | able Muslim leader that controlled Jerusalem in 1187. AKA Salah al-Din. head of enemy of 3rd Crusade. reopened Jerusalem to Christian pilgrims afterwards |
| Isabella | married Ferdenand in 1469 which unified their lands, together won against Muslims at Granada in 1492. promoted unity of their people, joined with townspeople against nobles. She fought for religious unity in Spain-- no more toleration, very forceful with rule--everyone must be a real Christian, not just convert to avoid persecution. 150,000 peeps fled, Jews expelled in 1492 and Muslims too in 1502 |
| Thomas Aquinas | scholastic who wrote Summa Theologica where he examined Church teachings in the light of reason. said faith and reason exist in harmony |
| Christine De Pizan | educated Italian women, smarter than men of her time, spoke French, Italian, and maybe Latin. became a writer to support her 3 children. wrote The City of Ladies which examined men's negative views of women, etc. |
| Dante | Italian poet who wrote Divine Comedy, which looks at heaven, hell, and purgatory. It shows that earthly actions effect your afetrlife, exemplifies Christian ethics |
| Chaucer | wrote Canterbury Tales where he follows English pilgrims travelling to Thomas Beckett's tomb. sketches diverse characters that exemplify roles in medieval society |
| Joan of Arc | French heroine and military leader inspired by religious visions to organize French resistance to the English and to have Charles VII crowned king. no one should miss this one after watching a 3-hour movie about her. |
| Justinian | ruled 527-565 as emperor of Byzantine empire. golden age under him. wanted to revive Rome, didn't, conquered lots. also Hagia Sophia, remembered for law reforms. wanted reliable silk, eventually monks smuggling silkworm eggs. |
| Theodora | shrewd wife of Justinian. he made her the co-ruler and she was strong. she encouraged him to stay after Nike rebellion |
| Alexius I | Byzantine emperor who asked Pope Urban II for Christians to help him fight the Turks. This was the beginning of the 1st Crusade |
| Procopius | Belisarius' adviser. wrote of campaign against Persia. in Secret History, criticized Justinian & Theodora with bias |
| Anna Comnena | 1st important female historian. wrote Alexiad: analyzed her father's reign (Alexius I) & crusaders with bias |
| Cyril & Methodius | Greek saints sent in 863 translated bible for Slavs, introduced Cyrillic |
| Olga | princess of Kiev; first Kievan convert to Christianity, but not until her grandson Vladimir did it spread |
| Vladimir | sent missionaries to convert Slavs. grandson of Olga. spread Byzan. Christianity, married sister of Byzantine emperor |
| Yaroslav | golden age of Kiev: written law, translated Greek works, arranged marriages w/ W Europe |
| Ivan III | Ivan the Great: was reason for Moscow's success. brought N Russia under his rule, limited power of boyars. married Sophia-Zoe Paleologus, niece of last Byzantine emperor. also adopted Byzantine court rituals BOTH IVANS LEFT FRAMEWORK FOR ABSOLUTE POWER |
| Ivan IV | Ivan the Terrible: grandson of Ivan III (son of Vasily), crowned at 17, centralized power when the boyars stopped beating him up, limited boyars' power, granted land for military, tied Russian serfs to the land, unstable, especcialy after wife's death, so he organized agents of terror BOTH IVANS LEFT FRAMEWORK FOR ABSOLUTE POWER |
| Michael Romanov | chosen by zemsky sobor, first czar after Time of Troubles, Romanov dynasty lasted until 1917 |
| Jadwiga | POLISH, golden age of Poland after she married that Duke of Lithuania. she supported the university at Cracow. their marriage united so much land that it was the largest state in Europe |
| Jan Sobieski | king with Poland's last glory-- broke Ottoman siege of Vienna |
| Stefan Dusan | height of Serbia power, encouraged Byzantine culture |
| Muhammad | first a Bedouin shepherd, born in Mecca, then successful merchant, call to be messenger in cave, so prophet |
| Abu Bakr | Muham.'s uncle, continued Islam after Muhammad |
| Fatima | Muham.'s daughter |
| Tamerlane | "lame" for his leg, got artisans from Delhi for Semarkand |
| Ibn Rushd | philosopher who used the test of reason, commented on Aristotle |
| Ibn Khaldun | standards for scientific study of history |
| al-Khwarizmi | greatest Muslim mathematician- algebra, astronomical tables |
| Muhammad al-Razi | medical thinker, head of Baghdad hospital |
| Ibn Sina | Canon on Medicine |
| Ibn Battuta | traveler- 75,000 miles, wrote accounts |
| Babur | descedent of Genghiz, founded Mughal |
| Akbar the Great | Babur's grandson, cheif builder of Mughal, central govn, so Great |
| Nur Jahan | able wife of Akbar's son, poetry & sports, very powerful woman |
| Shah Jahan | built Taj Mahal as tomb for his wife |
| Muhammad II | Ottoman who captured Constantinople |
| Suleiman | lawgiver, golden age for Ottoman |
| Abbas the Great | Safavid shah, built Isfahan as center of silk trade, walked streets disguised |
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