| Term | Definition |
| ideology (pl: ideologies) | a system of thought and belief |
| Concert of Europe | worked to support the political and social order that existed before Napoleon and the French Revolution. |
| Conservatives | wanted to return to the Old Order, to restore royal families, supported a social hierarchy, backed established churches, believed that talk of natural rights and constutional government would lead to chaos. |
| Liberalism & Nationalism | ignited a number of revolts against established rule. |
| Liberals | wanted governments to be based on written constitutions & separation of powers; were against divine-right monarchies, the old aristocracy, and established churches; supported natural rights and republican governments. |
| Bourgeois Liberalism | spoke mostly for the middle class. |