Sociology Chap 10 and 11
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38 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 affirmative action | positive efforts to recruit minority group members or women for jobs, promotions, and educational opportunities |
| amalgamation | the process through which a majority group and a minority group combine to form a new group |
| anti-semitism | anti-jewish prejudice |
| apartheid | a former policy of the South African government, designed to maintain the separation of black and other non-whites from the dominant whites |
| assimilation | the process through which a person forsakes his or her cultural tradition to become part of a different culture |
| black power | a political philosophy, promoted by many younger blacks in the 1960s, that supported the creation of black-controlled political and economic institutions |
| color-blind racism | the use of the principle of race neutrality to defend a racially unequal status quo |
| contact hypothesis | an interactionist perspective, which states that, in cooperative circumstances, interracial contact between people of equal status will reduce prejudice |
| discrimination | the denial of opportunities and equal rights to individuals and groups because of prejudice or other arbitrary reasons |
| ethnic group | a group that is set apart from the others primarily because of its national origin or distinctive cultural patterns |
| exploitation theory | a marxist theory that views racial subordination in the US as a manifestation of the class system inherent in captialism |
| genocide | the deliberate, systematic killing of an entire people or nation |
| glass ceiling | an invisible barrier that blocks the promotion of a qualified individual in a work environment because of the individual's gender, race, or ethnicity |
| hate crime | a criminal offense committed because of the offender's bias against a race, religion, ethnic group, national origin, or sexual orientation |
| institutional discrimination | the denial of opportunities and equal rights to individuals and groups that results from the normal operations of a society |
| minority group | a subordinate group whose members have significantly less control or power over their lives than the members of a dominant or majority group have over theirs |
| model/ ideal minority | a subordinate group whose members supposedly have succeeded economically, socially, and educationally despite past prejudice and discrimination, and without resorting to confrontations with whites |
| pluralism | mutual respect for one another's cultures among the various groups in a society, which allows minorities to express their cultures without experiencing prejudice |
| prejudice | a negative attitude toward an entire category of people, often an ethnic or racial minority |
| racial formation | a sociohistorical process in which racial categories are created, inhabited, transformed, and destroyed |
| racial group | a group that is set apart from others because of physical differences that have taken on social significance |
| racial profiling | any arbitrary action initiated by an authority based on race, ethnicity, or national origin rather than on a person's behavior |
| racism | the belief that one race is supreme and all others are innately inferior |
| segregation | the physical separation of two groups of people in terms of residence, workplace, and social events; often imposed on a minority group by a dominant group |
| stereotype | an unreliable generalization about all members of a group that does not recognize individual differences within the group |
| symbolic ethnicity | an ethnic identity that emphasizes concerns such as ethnic food or political issues rather than deeper ties to one's ethnic heritage |
| transnational | an immigrant who sustains multiple social relationships that link his or her society of origin with the society of settlement |
| white privilege | rights or immunities granted to people as a particular benefit or favor simply because they are white |
| expressiveness | concern for the maintenance of harmony and the internal emotional affairs of the family |
| feminism | the belief in social, economic, and political equality for women |
| gender role | expectations regarding the proper behavior, attitudes, and activities of males and females |
| homophobia | fear of and prejudice against homosexuality |
| institutional discrimination | the denial of opportunities and equal rights to individuals and groups that results from the normal operations of a society |
| instrumentality | an emphasis on tasks, a focus on more distant goals, and a concern for the external relationship between one's family and other social institutions |
| matrix of domination | the cumulative impact of oppression because of race and ethnicity, gender, and social class, as well as religion, sexual orientation, disability, age, and citizenship status |
| multiple masculinities | a variety of male gender roles, including nurturing-caring and effeminate-gay roles, that men may play along with their more pervasive traditional role of dominating women |
| second shift | the double burden-- work outside the home followed by child care and housework-- that many women face and few men share equitably |
| sexism | the ideology that one sex is superior to the other |
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