anthropology exam 3 terms
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71 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 language | primary means of human communication, spoken and written |
| call systems | communication systems of nonhuman primates |
| cultural transmission | transmission through learning, basic to language |
| productivity | creating new experiences that are comprehensible to other speakers |
| displacement | describing things and events that are not present |
| kinesics | study of communication through body movements and facial expressions |
| phonology | the study of a language's phonemics and phonetics |
| phonemics | study of sound contracts in a language |
| phonetics | study of speech sound- what people actually say |
| morphology | study of morphemes and word construction |
| lexicon | vocabulary |
| morphemes | words and their meaningful parts |
| phoneme | smallest sound contrast that distinguishes meaning |
| syntax | arrangement of words in phrases or sentences |
| code switching | language is valued differently in different contexts |
| diglossia | language with high formal and low informal dialects |
| ethnic group | one among several culturally distinct groups in a society or region |
| ethnicity | identification with an ethnic group |
| status | any posistion that determines where someone fits in society |
| ascribed status | social status based on little or no choice |
| achieved status | social status based on choices or accomplishments |
| class | membership in a statum can theoretically be altered |
| caste | membership in a stratum is hereditary |
| race | ethnic group assumed to have a biological basis |
| racism | discrimination against an ethnic group assumed to have a biological basis |
| descent | social identity based on ancestry |
| hypodescent | children assigned to same group as minority parent; one drop rule |
| nation | society sharing a language, religion, history, territory, ancestry, and kinship |
| state | stratified society with formal, central government |
| nation-state | an autonomous political entity, a country |
| nationalities | ethnic groups that have, once had, or want their own country |
| assimilation | absorption of minorities within a dominant culture |
| plural societies | society with economically interdependent ethnic groups |
| multicultralism | view of cultural diversity as valuable and worth maintaining |
| prejudice | devaluing a group because of its assumed attributes |
| stereotypes | fixed ideas-often unfavorable-about what members of a group are like |
| discrimination | policies and practicies that harm a group and its members |
| genocide | deliberate elimination of a group through mass murder |
| ethnocide | destruction of cultures of certain ethnic groups |
| refugee | people who free a country to escape persecution of war |
| cultural colonialism | internal domination by one group and its culture or ideology over others |
| adaptive strategy | means of making a living, productive system |
| band | basic social unit among foragers; fewer than 100 people; may split seasonally |
| foraging | hunters and gatherers, first strategy |
| horticulture | nonindustrial plant cultivation with fallowing |
| agriculture | cultivation using land and labor continuously and intensively |
| tribe | food producing society with rudimentary poltical structure |
| chiefdom | Form of political organization with rule by a hereditary leader who held power over a collection of villages and towns. Less powerful than kingdoms and empires, chiefdoms were based on gift giving and commercial links. |
| states | society with central govt administrative specialization, and social classes |
| pastoralists | herders of domesticated animals |
| pastoral nomadism | annual movement of entire pastoral group with herds |
| transhumance | only part of population moves seasonally with herds |
| economy | system of resource production, distribution, and consumption |
| mode of production | specific set of social relations that organizes labor |
| means of production | major productive resource (land, labor, technology) |
| market principle | buying, selling, and valuation based on supply and demand |
| redistribution | flow of goods into center, then back out, characteristic of chiefdoms |
| reciprocity | principle of governing exchanging among social equals |
| generalized reciprocity | exchanges about closely related individuals |
| balanced reciprocity | midpoint on reciprocity continuum, between generalized and negative |
| negative reciprocity | potentially hostile exchanges among strangers |
| potlach | competitive feast on North Pacific Coast of North America |
| law | legal code of a state society, with trial and enforcement |
| big man | generous tribal entrepreneur with multivillage support |
| pantribal sodality | nonkin-based group with regional political significance |
| age grade | an organized category of people based on age; every individual passes through a series of such categories over his or her lifetime |
| age set | unisex (usually male) poltical group; indicates everyone born within a certain time span |
| superordinate | upper, privilledged group in a stratified society |
| subordinate | lower, underpriveledged group |
| social control | maintains the social norms and regulates conflict |
| hegemony | subordinates accept hierarchy as natural |
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