| Term | Definition |
|---|
| Prophase | The chromatin condense into chromosomes. The centrioles separate, and a spindle begins to form. The nuclear membrane breaks down. |
| Metaphase | The chromosomes line up across the center of the cell. Each chromosome is connected to a spindle fiber at its centromere. |
| Anaphase | The sister chromatids separate into individual chromosomes and are moved apart. |
| Telophase | The chromosomes gather at opposite ends of the cell and lose their distinct shapes. Two new nuclear membranes form. |
| Phases of Mitosis | Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. |
| Centrioles | Two tiny structures located in the cytoplasm near the nuclear envelope. |
| "Sister" chromatids | Identical parts of a duplicated chromosome |
| Centromere | Where each pair of chromatids is attached. |
| Cell cycle | The series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide. |
| Phases of the Cell Cycle | G1 phase, S phase, G2 phase, M phase |
| G1 phase | Cell growth |
| S phase | DNA replication and the copying of the chromosomes |
| G2 phase | Preparation for mitosis |
| M phase | Mitosis |
| Mitosis | The division of the cell nucleus. The phases of mitosis are prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. |
| Spindle | A fanlike microtubule structure that helps separate the chromosomes. |
| Cytokinesis | The division of the cytoplasm. |
| Cytokinesis in animal cells | The cell membrane is drawn inward until the cytoplasm is pinched in two nearly equal parts. |
| Cytokinesis in plant cells | The cell plate forms midway between the divided nuclei. The cell plate gradually develops into a separating membrane. A cell wall then begins to appear in the cell plate. |
| Interphase | Period of the cell cycle between cell division |
| Binary Fission | Type of asexual reproduction in which a prokaryote replicates its DNA, and divides in half, producing two identical daughter cells. |
| Budding | Process of attaching a bud to a plant to produce a new branch |
| Regeneration | The ability of an organism to regrow lost body parts |
| Advantages of asexual reproduction | The cell doesn't have to find/compete for a mate, and DNA of offspring is the same as the DNA of a parent's so if the parent's characteristics make it well adapted to the environment, the offspring will be well-adapted too! |
| Disadvantage of asexual reproduction | What kills one will kill all |
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