1.
Activation-synthesis theory: proposes that dreams reflect brain activation in sleep, rather than a repressed unconscious wish
2.
biological clock: term for the suprachiasmatic nucles in the hypothalamus that's responsible for controlling our levels of alertness
3.
broaden and build theory: theory proposing that happiness predisposes us to think more openly
4.
cannon-bard theory: theory proposing that an emotion-provoking event leads simultaneously to an emotion and to bodily reactions
5.
chaining: linking a number of interrelated behaviors to form a longer series
6.
circadian rhythm: cyclical changes that occur on a roughly 24-hour basis in many biological processes
7.
classical conditioning: a form of learning in which animals come to respond to a previously neutral stimulus that had been paired with another stimulus that elicits an automatic response
8.
cognitive theories of emotion: theories proposing that emotions are products of thinking
9.
consciousness: our subjective experience of the world and ourselves
10.
convergent thinking: capacity to generate the single best solution to a problem
11.
cryptomnesia: we mistakenly forget that one of "our" ideas originated with someone else
12.
crystallized intelligence: accumulate knowledge of the world acquired over time
13.
discrete emotions theory: theory that humans experience a small number of distinct emotions that are rooted in biology
14.
discriminative stimulus: any stimulus that signals the presence of reinforcement
15.
dissociation theory: approach to explaining hypnosis based on a separation between personality functions that are normally well integrated
16.
divergent thinking: capacity to generate many different solutions to a problem
17.
dreaming and the forebrain: damage to the forebrain can eliminate dreams entirely
18.
drive reduction theory: theory proposing that certain drives, like hunger, thirst, and sexual frustration motivate us to act in ways that minimize aversive states
19.
episodic memory: recollection of events in our lives
20.
explicits memory: process of recalling information intentionally
21.
fluid intelligence: capacity to learn new ways of solving problems
22.
Freud's dream protection theory: dreams act as the guardians of sleep; dreams require interpretation; wish fulfillment is the meaning of each and every dream
23.
g (general intelligence): hypothetical factor that accounts for overall differences in intellect among people
24.
general cognitive processing account: proposes that children's ability to learn language results from general skills that children apply across a variety of activities
25.
habituation: process of responding less strongly over time to repeated stimuli
26.
hallucinations: realistic perceptual experiences in the absence of any external stimuli
27.
heuristics: shortcuts to increase our thinking efficiency
28.
hypnagogic imagery: scrambled, bizarre, and dreamlike images that flit in and out of consciousness
29.
hypnosis: set of techniques that provides people with suggestions for alterations in their perceptions, thoughts, feelings and behaviors
30.
idealogical immune system: our psychological defenses against evidence that contradicts our views
31.
implicit memory: process of recalling information we don't remember deliberately
32.
insomnia: having trouble falling and staying asleep
33.
instinctive drift: the tendency for animals to return to innate behaviors following repeated reinforcement
34.
James-Lange theory of emotion: theory proposing that emotions result from our interpretations of our bodily reactions to stimuli
35.
linguistic determinism: view that all thought is represented verbally and that, as a result, our language defines our thinking
36.
linguistic relativity: view that characteristics of language shape our thought processes
37.
long-term memory: relatively enduring retention of information stored regarding our facts, experiences, and skills
38.
lucid dreaming: experience of becoming aware that one is dreaming
39.
memory illusion: a false but subjectively compelling memory
40.
mental set: phenomenon of becoming stuck in a specific problem-solving strategy, inhibiting our ability to generate alternatives
41.
morphemes: smallest units of meaningful speech
42.
myoclonic jerks: sudden jerks
43.
narcolepsy: sudden episodes of sleep lasting anywhere from a few seconds to an hour
44.
neurocognitive theory: dreams are a meaningful product of our cognitive capacities, which shape what we dream about
45.
night terrors: harmless events that occur almost exclusively in children; characterized by kicking, screaming, perspiring and confusion
46.
Non-REM sleep: stages 1-4 of the sleep cycle, during which rapid eye movements do not occur and dreaming is less frequent and vivid
47.
operant conditioning: learning controlled by the consequences of the organism's behavior
48.
out-of-body experience: extraordinary sense of consciousness leaving your body
49.
phonemes: sound of our language
50.
primary emotions: small number of emotions believed b some theorists to be cross-culturally universal
51.
proactive interference: occurs when earlier learning gets in the way of new learning
52.
REM sleep: stage of sleep during which the brain is most active and during which vivid dreaming most often occurs
53.
retroactive interference: occurs when learning something new hampers earlier learning
54.
role of the amygdala in learning: the amygdala is where the emotional components of these and other memories, especially those governing fear, are stored
55.
s (specific abilities): particular ability level in a narrow domain
56.
semantic memory: our knowledge of facts about the world
57.
semantics: meaning derived from words and sentences
58.
sensory memory: brief storage of perceptual information before it is passed to short-term memory
59.
shaping: reinforcing behaviors that aren't exactly the target behavior but that are progressively closer versions of it
60.
short-term memory: memory system that retains information for limited durations
61.
side effects of sleep deprivation: hallucinations, weight gain, increased risk for high blood pressure, diabetes, and heart problems
62.
sleep apnea: caused by a blockage of the airway during sleep
63.
sleep paralysis: a strange experience of being unable to move just after falling asleep or immediately upon waking
64.
sleepwalking: walking while fully asleep
65.
social pragmatics: account suggests that specific aspects of the social environmental structure language learning
66.
sociocognitive theory: people's attitudes, beliefs, motivations, and expectations about hypnosis, as well as their ability to respond to waking imaginative suggestions, shape their responses to hypnosis
67.
somatic marker theory: theory proposing that we use our "gut reactions" to help us determine how we should act
68.
syntax: grammatical rules that govern how we compose words into meaningful strings
69.
two-factor theory: theory proposing that emotions are produced by an undifferentiated state of arousal along with an attribution of that arousal
70.
yerkes-dodson law: inverted U-shape relation between arousal on the one hand, and mood and performance on the other
