Chapter 18: People of the Enlightenment
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Zephyrling on November 7, 2011
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16 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Fontanelle (1657-1757) | Conversations on the Plurality of Worlds (1686) -turned astronomy into trashy romance novel Eulogies of Scientists (????) -described scientists as higher than priests |
| Bayle (1647-1706) | Skeptic Historical and Critical Dictionary (1697) -nothing can be known beyond all doubt |
| Locke (1632-1704) | Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1690) -rejects Descartes' ideas of ideas formed at birth -humans = blank slate ["tabula rasa"] at birth -bad people: blame society --> reform it Second Treatise of Civil Government (1690) -sovereignty in the hands of people -life, liberty and property -*addresses individual* |
| Smith (1723-1790) | Wealth of Nations (1776) -Laissez-faire economy = free market -challenged Mercantilism |
| Montesquieu | The Persian Letters (1721) -Satire on flaws in society -advocated for religious tolerance On the Spirit of Laws (1748) -used British gov't as an example -separation of powers -checks and balances |
| Voltaire | Candide (1759) -humans too dumb to rule -need enlightened monarch and mentor to teach him -Frederick II: Voltaire's prime enlightened monarch Criticized organized religion -bad habit of the mind -"Crush the infamous thing!" |
| Diderot | The Encyclopedia (1751) -collection of philisophes' ideas -criticized religious intolerance |
| D'Holbach | System of Nature (1770) -No free will: Humans are machines -"If you go back to the beginning, ignorance and fear made the gods, that fancy, enthusiasm or deceit adorned them, that weakness worshipped them, that custom, tyranny and respect supported them in order to make the blindness of man serve its own purpose" |
| Hume | Human mind is only a string of experiences No reason really involved |
| Condorcet | Progress of the Human Mind (1793) -10 stages of perfection -Utopian view of humans Advocated for equality and public education |
| Rousseau (1712-1778) | Humans are born good: Bad humans are society's fault The Social Contract (1762) -popular sovreignty: people determine general will -general will: the important needs of the people DID NOT ADVOCATE FOR DEMOCRACY -democracy = mob rule -enlightened monarch Economic equality |
| Frederick II (1740-1786) | War of Austrian Succession (1748-1748) -took Silesia (1740) -obstructed the balance of power in Europe Seven Years' War (1756-1763) -Prussia prevails due to French and Indian War Enlightened because: -better education -religious tolerance and progress Not enlightened because: -led Prussia into war twice -education to train military |
| Catherine the Great | Outlaws torture for slaves --> Serf Revolt -turns to Boyars -serfs go back to being slaves -needs Boyars for expansion Nakaz: makes all men equal under the law Expands, takes partitions of Poland -wanted Constantinople --> would obstruct balance of power |
| Maria Theresa (1740-1780) | Taxed the Nobles, limited their power on serfs -Serfs pretty well off Austria financially stable during rule |
| Joseph II (1780-1790) | **Only true enlightened monarch Frees serfs (1781) -Serfs revolt; do not want to pay taxes Attacks Catholic Church = BAD idea |
| Louis XV (1774-1792) | **DID NOT READ MACHIAVELLI Taxed the nobles, lost their support -nobles revolt |
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