Chapter 7 - The New Political Order
Order by
33 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Abigail Adams | John Adam's wife, she appealed to her husband to protect the rights of women "remember the ladies" |
| Articles of Confederation | the nations first constitution, was adopted by the second continental congress in 1781during the revolution. the document limited national government powers because states held most of the power, and congress lacked the power to tax, regulate trade, or control coinage |
| Land Ordinance of 1785 | Legislation passed by Congress authorizing surveys and the division of public lands in the western region of the country; , Provided for the sale of land in the Old Northwest and earmarked the proceeds toward repaying the national debt. |
| Northwest Ordinance of 1787 | Created the Northwest Territory (area north of the Ohio River and west of Pennsylvania), established conditions for self-government and statehood, included a Bill of Rights, and permanently prohibited slavery |
| Shays's Rebellion | Rebellion led by Daniel Shays of farmers in western Massachusetts in 1786-1787, protesting mortgage foreclosures. It highlighted the need for a strong national government just as the call for the Constitutional Convention went out. |
| Tariff | a government tax on imports or exports |
| Great Compromise | the agreement by which Congress would have two houses, the Senate (where each state gets equal representation-two senators; appeased small states) and the House of Representatives (where representation is based on population; appeased big states). |
| 3/5 compromise | the decision at the Constitutional convention to count slaves as 3/5 of a person for the purpose of deciding the population and determining how many seats each state would have in Congress |
| "necessary and proper clause" | Gives Congress the powers to pass all laws necessary to carry out their constitutional duties; "elastic" clause (Art. I, Sec 8, clause 18) |
| Federalists | Supporters of the Constitution that were led by Alexander Hamilton and John Adams. They firmly believed the national government should be strong. They didn't want the Bill of Rights because they felt citizens' rights were already well protected by the Constitution. |
| Antifederalists | Opposed to a strong central government; saw undemocratic tendencies in the Constitution and insisted on the inclusion of the Bill of Rights. Included Thomas Jefferson, James Monroe, and Patrick Henry. |
| Montesquieu | French political philosopher who advocated the separation of executive and legislative and judicial powers (1689-1755) |
| Federalist papers | Series of essays that defended the Constitution and tried to reassure Americans that the states would not be overpowered by the federal government. |
| Federalist #10 | An essay composed by James Madison which argues that liberty is safest in a large republic because many interests (factions) exist. Such diversity makes tyranny by the majority more difficult since ruling coalitions will always be unstable. |
| Checks and balances | system of overlapping the powers of the legislative, executive, and judicial branches to permit each branch to check the actions of the others |
| Judiciary Act of 1789 | In 1789 Congress passed this Act which created the federal-court system. The act managed to quiet popular apprehensions by establishing in each state a federal district court that operated according to local procedures. |
| Bill of Rights | a statement of fundamental rights and privileges (especially the first ten amendments to the United States Constitution) |
| Alexander Hamilton | 1789-1795; First Secretary of the Treasury. He advocated creation of a national bank, assumption of state debts by the federal government, and a tariff system to pay off the national debt. Leader of the the Federalists. |
| Thomas Jefferson | He was a delegate from Virginia at the Second Continental Congress and wrote the Declaration of Independence. He later served as the third President of the United States. |
| Bank of the United States | Hamilton's plan to solve Revolutionary debt, Assumption highly controversial, pushed his plan through Congress, based on loose interpretation of Constitution |
| Strict constructionism | Belief that the Constitution should be read in such a way as to limit the powers of the federal government as much as possible. Strict constructionists emphasize the importance of the Tenth Amendment, which reserves to the states all powers not explicitly granted the federal government. |
| Loose constructionism | based on the elastic clause, Congress possessed a wide range of implied powers under its broad authority to tax, coin money, and regulate interstate commerce |
| Democratic-Republican | The party of Thomas Jefferson which favored a weak central government and a strict construction of the Constitution. This group included small farmers, artisans and some wealthy planters. |
| Adam Smith | Economist who wrote Wealth of Nations; Laissez-Faire economics |
| The Wealth of Nations | book written by Scottish economist Adam Smith that criticized mercantilism and proposed a free market economy in which the "invisible hand" determined prices |
| Proclamation of Neutrality | A formal announcement issued by President George Washington on April 22, 1793, declaring the United States a neutral nation in the conflict between Great Britain and France. |
| Whiskey Rebellion | a protest caused by tax on liquor; it tested the will of the government, Washington's quick response showed the government's strength and mercy |
| Jay's Treaty of 1795 | Britain promised to evacuate the chain of posts on U.S soil, and pay damages for the recent seizures on American ships and damage to Indians in the Ohio valley. Britain forced John Jay to give ground by binding the U.S to pay debts. |
| Pinckney's Treaty of 1795 | Agreement between Spain and the United States made in fear of an Anglo-American alliance, granting America free navigation of the Mississippi and a large territory north of Florida. |
| XYZ Affair | An insult to the American delegation when they were supposed to be meeting French foreign minister, Talleyrand, but instead they were sent 3 officials Adams called "X,Y, and Z" that demanded $250,000 as a bribe to see Talleyrand. |
| Alien & Sedition Acts of 1798 | Authorized the president to imprison (or deport) any alien from an enemy nation (one the U.S. was fighting), or any alien considered dangerous; made it a crime to publish "false, scandalous, and malicious writing" against the government or its officials. No aliens were actually deported, and only 10 people were convicted of sedition; they were all pardoned by Jefferson when he became president in 1801. |
| Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions | Jefferson and Madison's response to Alien and Sedition Acts. Promoted states' right to nullify federal laws considered unconstitutional (1799) |
| "Revolution of 1800" | Jefferson's view of his election to presidency. Jefferson claimed that the election of 1800 represented a return to what he considered the original spirit of the Revolution. Jefferson's goals for his revolution were to restore the republican experiment, check the growth of government power, and to halt the decay of virtue that had set in under Federalist rule. |
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