1.
1. Did Christ Intend the apostolic office to endure?: A. Christ gave to the apostles a social power of vast extent.
-"Amen, i say to you whatever you bind on earth shall be bound in heaven, and whatever you loose on earth shall be loosed in heaven" (Mt. 18:18)
2.
1. Jesus collected from his disciples, 12 men whom he called "apostles", and with whom he shared his life.: -all apostles were disciples, but not all disciples were apostles
-the texts signify that Jesus has established a college
-he has chosen twelve to be his companions and gave them a special mission
-this unites them as a group and sets them apart from other disciples of Chirst
3.
2. Did the apostles behave as though they thought they had the authority to continue the mission of Christ to teach, govern, and sanctify: the apostles teach, sanctify,and govern
4.
2. The twelve are given special instructions by Chirst on how to carry out their apostolate (mission): -common bond is their mission
-Christ instructed them on how to rule and correct the faithful
-Christ tells them that they are in charge on Earth and can make laws, but can not go against God's laws
5.
3. Did the apostles transmit their ambassadorial mission to others?: A. Election of Matthias
-Therefore, it is necessary that one of the men who accompanied us the whole time the Lord Jesus came and went among us, beginning from the baptism of John until the day on which he was taken up from us, become with us a witness to his resurrection. So they proposed two, Joseph called Barsabbas, who was also known as Justus, and Matthias. Then they prayed, 'You, Lord, who know the hearts of all, show which one of these two you have chosen to take the place in this apostolic ministry from which Judas turned away to go to his own place.' Then they gave lots to them, and the lot fell upon Matthias, and he was counted with the eleven apostles. (Acts 1:21-26)
6.
A. the Apostles teach: -So then the Lord Jesus, after he spoke to them, was taken up into heaven and took his seat at the right hand of God. But they went forth and preached everywhere, while the Lord worked with them and confirmed the word through accompanying signs. (Mk. 16:19-20)
-And all day long, both at the temple and in their homes, they did not stop teaching and proclaiming the Messiah, Jesus. (Acts 5:42)
-Paul, a slave of Christ Jesus, called to be an apostle and set apart for the gospel of God...Through him we have received the grace of apostleship, to bring about the obedience of faith, for the sake of his name, among all the Gentiles, among whom are you also, who are called to belong to Jesus Christ...To Greeks and non-Greeks alike, to the wise and the ignorant, I am under obligation; that is why I am eager to preach the gospel also to you in Rome. (Rom. 1:1-15)
-For 'everyone who calls on the name of the Lord will be saved.' But how can they call on him in whom they have not believed? And how can they believe in him of whom they have not heard? And how can they hear without someone to preach? And how can people preach unless they are sent? (Rom. 10:13-15)
-But I have written to you rather boldly in some respects to remind you, because of the grace given me by God to be a minister of Christ Jesus to the Gentiles in performing the priestly service of the gospel of God...In Christ Jesus, then, I have reason to boast in what pertains to God. For I will not dare to speak of anything except what Christ has accomplished through me to lead the Gentiles to obedience by word and deed, by the power of signs and wonders, by the power of the Spirit (of God), so that from Jerusalem all the way around to Illyricum I have finished preaching the gospel of Christ. Thus I aspire to proclaim the gospel not where Christ has already been named, so that I do not build on another's foundation, but as it is written: 'Those who have never been told of him shall see, and those who have never heard of him shall understand.' (Rom. 15:15-21)
7.
accident: that which it does not exist in itself, but only in another (dependent on the other)
-answers what?
8.
Ambassadorship of Christ: office received from the Father for the procurement of the salvation of all people
9.
apostle: someone who is sent
10.
apostolic succession: the principle by which the hierarchical office is continued from the apostles to the present day by means of a successive laying on of hands
11.
arche: first
12.
authoritatively: a founder mush act within his or her own power to found
13.
B. Christ obliges all people to the teaching of the apostles: "Go into the whole world and proclaim the gospel to every creature. Whoever believes and is baptized will be saved; whoever does not believe will be condemned" (Mk 16:16)
14.
B. the apostles sanctify: -Now when they heard this, they were cut to the heart, and they asked Peter and the other apostles, 'what are we to do, my brothers?' Peter said to them, 'Repent and be baptized, every one of you, in the name of Jesus Christ for the forgiveness of your sins; and you will receive the gift of the holy Spirit. For the promise is made to you and to your children and to all those far off, whomever the Lord our God will call.' He testified with many other arguments, and was exhorting them, 'Save yourselves from this corrupt generation.' Those who accepted his message ere baptized, and about three thousand persons were added that day. (Acts 2:37-41)
-And all this is from God, who has reconciled us to himself through Christ and given us the ministry of reconciliation, namely, God was reconciling the world to himself in Christ, not counting their trespasses against them and entrusting to us the message of reconciliation. So we are ambassadors for Christ, as if God were appealing through us. We implore you on behalf of Christ, be reconciled to God.
(2 Cor. 5:18-20)
15.
biblical ambassador (shaliach): he posses the fullness of power of the sender to act in the sender's name and stead for the particular mission at hand
-doesnt need to get the sender's approval before acting
16.
C. Christ implies that the office of apostles will endure until the end of the world: The eleven disciples went to Galilee, to the mountain to which Jesus had ordered them. When they saw him, they worshiped, but they doubted. Then Jesus approached and said to them, 'All power in heaven and on earth has been given to me. Go therefore, and make disciples of all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit, teaching them to observe all that I have commanded you. And behold, I am with you always, until the end of the world.' (Mt. 28:16-20)
17.
C. the apostles govern: -Peter acts as judge of Ananias and Sapphira (Acts 5:1-11)
-I praise you because you remember me in everything and hold fast to the traditions, just as I handed them on to you. (1 Cor. 11:2)
-Therefore, my brothers, when you come together to eat, wait for one another. If anyone is hungry, he should eat at home, so that your meetings may not result in judgment. The other matters I shall set in order when I come. (1 Cor. 11:33-34)
-It is widely reported that there is immorality among you, and immorality of a kind not found even among pagans--a man living with his father's wife...The one who did this deed should be expelled from your midst. I, for my part, although absent in body but present in spirit, have already, as if present, pronounced judgment on the one who has committed this deed, in the name of our Lord Jesus: when you have gathered together and I am with you in spirit with the power of the Lord Jesus, you are to deliver this man to Satan for the destruction of his flesh, so that his spirit may be saved on the day of the Lord...I wrote you in my letter not to associate with immoral people...But I now write to you not to associate with anyone named a brother, if he is immoral, greedy, an idolater, a slanderer, a drunkard, or a robber, not even to eat with such a person...(1 Cor. 5:1-13)
-This third time I am coming to you. 'On the testimony of two or three witnesses a fact shall be established.' I warned those who sinned earlier and all the others and I warn them now while absent, as I did when present on my second visit, that if I come again I will not be lenient, since you are looking for proof of Christ speaking in me...I am writing this while I am away, so that when I come I may not have to be severe in virtue of the authority that the Lord has given me to build up and not to tear down. (2 Cor. 13:1-10)
-'It is the decision of the holy Spirit and of us not to place on you any burden beyond these necessities, namely, to abstain from meat sacrificed to idols, from blood, from meats of strangled animals, and from unlawful marriage. If you keep free of these, you will be doing what is right. Farewell.' (Acts 15:28-29)
18.
C. The office of presbyteros, diakonos, episkopos: -They appointed presbyters for them in each church and, with prayer and fasting, commended them to the Lord in who they had put their faith. (Acts 14:23)
-At that time, as the number of disciples continued to grow, the Hellenists (Greeks) complained against the Hebrews because their widows were being neglected in the daily distribution. So the Twelve called together the community of the disciples and said, 'It is not right for us to neglect the word of God to serve at table. Brothers, select from among you seven reputable men, filled with the Spirit and wisdom, whom we shall appoint to this task, whereas we shall devote ourselves to prayer and to the ministry of the word. The proposal was acceptable to the whole community, so they chose Stephen, a man filled with faith and the Holy Spirit, also Philip, Prochorus, Nicanor, Timon, Parmenas, and Nicholas of Antioch, a convert to Judaism. They presented these men to the apostles who prayed and laid hands on them. (Acts 6:1-6)
-When Simon saw that the Spirit was conferred by the laying on of the apostles' hands, he offered them money and said 'Give me this power too, so that anyone upon whom I lay my hands may receive the holy Spirit.' (Acts 8:18-19)
-For this reason, I remind you to stir into flame the gift of God that you have through the imposition of my hands. (2 Tim 1:6)
-I charge you in the presence of God and of Christ Jesus, who will judge the living and the dead, and by his appearing and his kingly power: proclaim the word; be persistent whether it is convenient or inconvenient; convince, reprimand, encourage through all patience and teaching. For the time will come when people will not tolerate sound doctrine but, following their own desires, will accumulate teachers who will tickle their ears. They will stop listening to the truth and will be diverted into myths. But you, be self-possessed in all circumstances; put up with hardship; perform the work of an evangelist; fulfill your ministry. (2 Tim 4:1-5)
-For this reason I left you in Crete so that you might set right what remains to be done and appoint presbyters in every town, as I directed you, on condition that a man be blameless, married only once, with believing children who are not accuses of licentiousness or rebellious. A bishop as God's steward must be blameless, not arrogant, not irritable, not a drunkard, not aggressive, not greedy for sordid gain, but hospitable, a lover of goodness, temperate, just, holy, and self controlled, holding fast to the true message as taught so that he will be able both to exhort with sound doctrine and to refute opponents. For there are also many rebels, idle talkers and deceivers, especially the Jewish Christians. It is imperative to silence them, as they are upsetting whole families by teaching for sordid gain what they should not. (Titus 1:5-11)
-As for yourself, you must say what is consistent with sound doctrine...Say these things. Exhort and correct with all authority. Let no one look down on you. (Titus 2:1-15)
19.
Christ has a threefold power: 1. power he has as God
2. power he has as a man who is also God
3. power he has as a mere human (messianic power)
20.
clement of Rome: (90-99 AD)
- bishop of rome and and disciple of Peter
- wrote letter to the corinthians
21.
college: a social body in which those chosen to belong to it have a social bond and are distinguished by that bond from other people
22.
Conclusion of Part 1: the apostles are a stable group of twelve who assist throughout Christ's public mission and are especially instructed by Christ on the meaning of his mission and how to continue it
23.
create: to make something exist out of nothinig (out of no pre-existing material)
24.
Defense of Thesis I: Part 1: Jesus founded a college of 12 apostles
25.
democracy: rule by many
26.
expressly: an explicit action requiring a definite and explicit decision on the part of a founder
27.
formal (juridical) representative: a representative who is an official emissary of the person sending him or her.
-the ambassador bears the juridical personality of the sender
-does not represent the physical personality
28.
freely: that act of finding something requires that the founder make a free decision to found
29.
governing power: power to oblige members of a society to be united and act for a common goal
30.
hebrew word for bind: Asar
31.
hebrew word for loose: Shere
32.
hierarchical: the kind of authority structure the society has
33.
hierarchy: rule by a sacred person
34.
hieros (G): sacred
35.
Ignatius of Antioch: (107 AD)
- Bishop of Antioch, arrested by Romans, first to call the church catholic (universal in Greek)
- wrote 7 letters
-eaten apart by lions
-wrote the Epistle to the Trallians
36.
Incarnation theology: -3 persons in one God
- God is Trinity
- Father, Son, and Holy Spirit are all a person
-3 distinct persons but all 3 make up only one God
37.
informal representative: someone who unofficially represents someone else
38.
Irenaeus of Lyons: (180 AD)
- bishop of Lyons in France
- ordained a bishop by Polycarp
- wrote "Against The Heresies"
39.
John: -asserts that there is an identity between the mission of Christ from the Father and the mission of the apostles from Christ
40.
liberal protestants: -denied that Christ founded a visible society
-believed that the Church of Christ was only a spiritual and internal Church rather than a visible, stable, hierarchical society
41.
literal meaing of shere: to permit
42.
literal meaning of Asar: to obligate
43.
literal meaning of diakonos: servant
44.
literal meaning of episkopos: overseer
45.
literal meaning of presbyteros: elder
46.
modern ambassador: he does not bear the fullness of juridical power of the sender
-the ambassador must get confirmation from the sender to make a final decision
47.
modern meaning of diakonos: deacon
48.
modern meaning of episkopos: bishop
49.
modern meaning of presbyteros: priest
50.
monarchical society: rule by one
51.
nature: that which make a substance be the kind of substance that it is
52.
Objection to Thesis 1: 1. Christ can communicate ALL of his mission with ALL of his power and authority
2. Christ can commuicate SOME of his mission with the power and authority to continue that part of his mission which Christ CAN communicate to mere men. However, SOME of his power and authority he cannot comunicate to mere men to continue.
3. Christ can communicate NONE of his mission, power and authority since he is God and God cannot communicate his godly authority and power to mere men
53.
oligarchical society: rule by a few
54.
ordination: "laying on of hands" or "imposition of hands"
55.
Part II: Christ committed to the apostles his own ambassadorship
56.
permanent: a society that is intended to endure through history
57.
person: substance with a rational nature and can think
-answers who?
58.
process of election: the process by which someone is chosen to hold a particular office
59.
process of installation: the process by which someone is actually installed in that office and officially made the office holder.
60.
produce: to make something exist out of pre-existing material
61.
Requirements for Election: -witness of Christ's mission
-witness of his Resurrection
62.
response to the Objection: 1. authority and power Christ has a a divine person
2. authority and power Christ has as a human united to a divine person
3. authority and power Christ has as a human alone (Messianic Power)
63.
sacred person: a person who is sent by God, mediately or immediately, to hold an office established by God
64.
sanctifying power: power to dedicate others to God or unite others with God by a religious act prescribed by God
65.
simony: the selling of the Church offices
66.
stable: a society that will maintain its essential purpose, organizational, and authoritative structure
67.
substance: that which exists in itself ie. it has independent existence
68.
teaching power: power to hand on a doctrine in such a way that those who receive it are obliged to accept it
69.
Tertullian: (200 AD)
-priest and a convert to the church, apologist, excommunicated
- wrote "Prescription Against The Heretics"
-held the Montanist Heresy
70.
The Synoptics: 1. person being sent is equivalent to the person sedning
2. the fullness of universality and power is the same of Christ and the Twelve
71.
Thesis I: Chirst founded a college of 12 apostles to whom he committed his ambassadorship
72.
Thesis II: Christ founded a permanent, stable, hierarchical society
73.
to found: to establish something freely, authoritatively, expressly, in the social order
74.
traditional protestants: -hold that the 12 are historically chosen by Christ to rule his Church on a temporary basis only
-believe that after the apostles the Christian Church is ruled by the Bible
75.
vicars: taking the place of someone else (Christ)
