MIS Chapters 5-8
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105 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 enterprise architecture | include the plans for how an organization will build, deploy, use, and share its data, processes, and IT sets |
| enterprise architect | a person grounded in technology, fluent in business, and provides that important bridge between IT and business |
| information architecture | identifies where and how important information, such as customer records, is maintained and secured |
| infrastructure architecture | includes the hardware, software, and telecommunications equipment that, when combined, provides the underlying foundation to support the organization's goals |
| application architecture | determines how applications integrate and relate to each other |
| backup | an exact copy of a system's data |
| recovery | the ability to get a system up and running in the event of a system crash or failure and includes restoring information backup |
| fault tolerance | a computer system designed that in the even of a component failure, a backup component or procesdure can immediately take its place with no loss of service |
| failover | a backup in which the functions of a computer component are assumed by secondary system components when the primary component becomes unavailable through either failure or scheduled down time |
| disaster recovery plan | a detailed process for recovering information or an IT system in the event of a catastrophic disaster |
| hot site | a separate and fully equipped facility where the company can move immediately after a disaster and resume business |
| cold site | a separate facility that does not have an computer equipment but is a place where employees can move after disaster |
| disaster recovery curve | charts the cost to the organization of unavailability of information and technology and the cost to the organization of recovering from a disaster over time |
| business continuity plan | a plan for how an organization will recover and restore partially or completely interrupted critical functions within a predetermined time after a disaster or extended disruption |
| scalability | refers to how well a system can adapt to increased demands |
| capacity planning | determines future IT infrastructure requirements for new equipment and additional network capacity |
| reliability | ensures all systems are functioning correctly and providing accurate information |
| availability | addresses when systems can be accessed by users |
| high availability | refers to a system or component that is continuously operational for a desirably long length of time |
| performance | measures how quickly a system performs a certain process or transaction |
| web services | contain a repertoire of web based data and procedural resources that use shared protocols and standards permitting different applications to share data and services |
| interoperability | the capability of two or more computer systems to share data and resources even though they are made by different manufacturers |
| open system | a broad, general term that describes nonproprietary IT hardware and software made available by standards and procedures by which their products work, making it easier to integrate them |
| open source | refers to any program whose source code is made available for use or modification as users or other developers see fit |
| service oriented architecture | a business driven IT architectural approach that supports integrating a business as linked, repeatable tasks or services |
| services | a business task |
| loose coupling | the capability of services to be joined together on demand to create composite services, or dissassembled just as easily into their functional components |
| virtualization | a framework of dividing the resources of a computer into multiple execution environments |
| system virtualization | the ability to present the resources of a single computer as if it is a collection of separate computers, each with its own virtual CPU's, network interfaces, storage, and operating system |
| grid computing | an aggregation of geographically dispersed computing, storage, and network resources, coordinated to deliver improved performance, higher quality of service, better utilization, and easier access to data |
| data | raw facts that describe characteristics of an event |
| information | data converted into a meaningful and useful context |
| information granularity | refers to the extent of detail within the information |
| transactional information | encompasses all of the information contained within a single business process or unit of work, and its primary purpose is to support the performing of daily operational tasks |
| analytical information | encompasses all organizational information, and its primary purpose is to support the performing of managerial analysis tasks |
| real-time information | means immediate and up-to-date information |
| real-time systems | provide real-time information in response to query requests |
| entity | in a relational databaseodel, this is a person, place, thing, transaction, or event about what information is stored |
| attributes | also called fields or columns, are characteristics of properties of an entity class |
| primary key | a field that uniquely identifies a given entity in a table |
| foreign key | a primary key of one table that appears as an attribute in another table and acts to provide a logical relationship between the two tables |
| database | maintains information about various types of objects, events, people, and places |
| hierarchial database model | information is organized into a tree-like structure that allows repeating information using parent/child relationships in such a way that it cannot have too many relationships |
| network database model | a flexible way of representing objects and their relationships |
| relational database model | a type of database that stores information in the form of logically related two-dimensional tables |
| physical view | this view of information deals with the physical storage of information on a storage device such as a hard disk |
| logical view | this view of information focuses on how users logically assess information to meet their particular business needs |
| redundancy | the duplication of information, or storing the same information in multiple places |
| information integrity | a measure of the quality of information |
| integrity constraints | rules that help ensure the quality of information |
| relational integrity constraints | rules that enforce basic and fundamental information-based constraints |
| business critical integrity constraints | enforce business rules vital to an organizations success and often require more insight and knowledge than relational intergrity constraints |
| database management system | software through which users and application programs interact with a database |
| data-driven website | an interactive website kept constantly updated and relevant to the needs of its customers through the use of a database |
| integration | allows separate systems to communicate directly with each other |
| forward integration | takes information entered into a given system and sends it automatically to all downstream systems and processes |
| backward integration | takes information entered into a given system and sends it automatically to all upstream systems and processes |
| data warehouse | a logical collection of information gathere from many different operational databases that support business analysis activities and decision-making tasks |
| extraction, transformation, and loading | a process that extracts information from internal and external databases, transforms the information using a common set of enterprise definitions, and loads the information into a data warehouse |
| data mart | contains a subset of data warehouse information |
| cube | the common term for the representation of multidimensional information |
| information cleansing/scrubbing | a process that weeds out and fixes or discards inconsistent, incorrect, or incomplete information |
| data mining | the process of analyzing data to extract information not offered by the raw data alone |
| data mining tools | use a variety of techniques to find patterns and relationships in large volumes of information and infer rules from them that predict future behavior and guide decision-making |
| telecommunication system | enable the transmission of data over public or private networks |
| network | a communications, data exchange, and resource-sharing system created by linking two or more computers and establishing standards or protocols, so that they can work together |
| local area network | designed to connect a group of computers in close proximity to each other such as in an office building, a school, or a home |
| wide area network | spans a large geographic area such as a state, province, or country |
| metropolitan area network | a larger computer network usually spanning a city |
| voice over IP | uses TCP/IP technology to transmit voice calls over long-distance telephone lines |
| virtual private network | a way to use the public telecommunication infrastructure to provide secure access to an organization's network |
| value-added network | a private network, provided by a third party, for exchanging information through a high-capacity connection |
| bandwidth | the difference between the highest and the lowest frequencies that can be transmitted on a single medium, and its measure of the medium's capacity |
| broadband | generally refers to high-speed internect connection transmitting data at speeds greater than 200 kbs compared to the 56 kbs maximum speed offered by traditional dial up connections |
| smartphone | combines the functions of a cellular phone and a PDA in a single device |
| bluetooth | a telecommunication industry specification that describes how mobile phones, computers, and PDA's can be easily connectedusing a short-range wireless connection |
| satellite | a big microwave repeater that contains one or more transponders that listen to a particular portion of the electromagnetic spectrum, amplifying some signals, and retransmitting them back to earth |
| microwave transmitter | uses the atmosphere as the transmission medium to send the signal to a microwave receiver |
| location-based services | wireless mobile content services that provide location-specific information to mobile users moving from location-to-location |
| global positioning system | a constellation of 24 well-spaced satellites that orbit earth and make it possible for people with ground receivers to pinpoint their geographic location |
| geographic information system | designed to work with information that can be shown on a map |
| wireless fidelity (wi-fi) | means of linking computers using infrared or radio signals |
| WiMAX | a telecommunications technology aimed at providing wireless data over long distances in a variety of ways, from point-to-point links to full cellular type access |
| radio frequency identification | technologies use active or passive tags in the form of chips or smart labels that can store unique identifiers and relay this information to electronic readers |
| production | the creation of goods and services using the factors of production: land, labor, capital, entreprenurship, and knowledge |
| production management | describes all the activities managers do to help companies create goods |
| operations management | the management of systems or processes that convert or transform resources into goods and services |
| transformation process | referred to as the technical core, especially in manufacturing organizations, and is the actual conversion of inputs to outputs |
| value-added | the term used to describe the difference between the cost of inputs and the value price of outputs |
| strategic business units | consist of several stand-alone businesses |
| strategic planning | focuses on long-range planning such as plant size, location, and type of process to be used |
| materials requirement planning systems | uses sales forecasts to make sure that needed parts and materials are available at the right time and place in a specific company |
| tactical planning | focuses on producing goods and services as efficiently as possible within the strategic plan |
| global inventory management systems | provide the ability to locate, track, and predict the movement of every component or material anywhere upstream or downstream in the production process |
| operational planning and control | deals with the day-to-day procedures for planning work, including scheduling, inventory, and process management |
| inventory management and control systems | provide control and visibility to the status of individual items maintained in inventory |
| transportation planning systems | track and analyze the movement of materials and products to ensure the delivery of materials and finished goods at the right time, the right place, and the lowest cost |
| distribution management systems | coordinate the process of transporting materials from a manufacturer to distribution centers to the final customers |
| supply chain | consists of all parties involved, directly or indirectly, in the procurement of a product or raw material |
| supply chain management | involves the management of information flows between and among stages in a supply chain to maximize total supply chain effectiveness and profitability; broken into strategy, partners, operation, and logistics |
| supply chain visibility | the ability to view all areas up and down the supply chain |
| bullwhip effect | occurs when distorted product demand information passes from one entity to the next throughout the supply chain |
| demand planning systems | generate demand forecasts using statistical tools and forecasting techniques |
| supply chain planning systems | use advanced mathematical algorithms to improve the flow and efficiency of the supply chain while reducing inventory |
| supply chain execution systems | automate the different steps and stages of the supply chain |
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