Histology
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Created by:
fairygirl317 on March 6, 2009
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141 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Tissue | an ensemble of cells, not necessarily identical, but from the same origin, that together carry out a specific function. |
| Matrix | the material (or tissue) in which more specialized structures are embedded, and a specific part of the mitochondrion that is the site of oxidation of organic molecules. |
| ectoderm | the start of a tissue that covers the body surfaces |
| Endoderm | gives rise to the mucus membranes of the digestive lands |
| Mesoderm | produce an additional layer that lies between the endoderm and the ectoderm |
| Fixative | a solution used to preserve or harden fresh tissue of cell specimens for microscopic examination. |
| Histological section | thin slices of tissue applied to a microscopic slide |
| Staining | technique used in microscopy to enhance contrast in the microscopic image. |
| Epithelium | a tissue composed of cells that line the cavities and surfaces of structures throughout the body. |
| Simple squamous epithelia | single layer of flat squamous cells that are all in contact with the basement membrane |
| Basement membrane | a sheet of cells and fibers that covers two other kinds of cells |
| Simple cuboidal epithelium | cells in a single layer which have the same height, width and depth; but do not have to have an exact cubiodal shape. |
| Simple columnar epithelium | epithelial cells whose heights are at least four times their width |
| Pseudostratified epithelium | Where not all cells reach the free surface |
| Goblet cell | simple columnar epithelial cells whose sole function is to secrete mucus |
| stratified squamous epithelium | squamous (flattened) epithelial cells arranged in layers upon a basement membrane. Only one layer is in contact with the basement membrane; the other layers adhere to one another to maintain structural integrity. |
| Stratified cuboidal epithelia | epithelial tissue composed of cuboidally shaped cells arranged in multiple layers. |
| Stratified columnar epithelia | have several layers, with columnar cells as the outermost of these. |
| Transitional epithelium | a type of tissue consisting of multiple layers of epithelial cells which can contract and expand. |
| Exfoliation | The flaking off of dead surface cells |
| Keratinized | A cover of dead squamous cells |
| Non-Keratinized | Lacking the cover of dead squamous cells |
| Connective tissue | is a form of fibrous tissue |
| Fibroblast | a type of cell that synthesizes the extracellular matrix and collagen, the structural framework for animal tissues, and play a critical role in wound healing. |
| Functions of connective tissue | movement, physical protection, heat production, immune protection, Binding organs, support, storage, , transport. |
| Macrophage | white blood cells within tissues, produced by the division of monocytes. |
| Leukocyte/ White blood cells | cells of the immune system defending the body against both infectious disease and foreign materials. |
| Plasma cell | cells of the immune system transported by the blood plasma and the lymphatic system. |
| Mast cell | a resident cell of several types of tissues and contains many granules rich in histamine and heparin. |
| Adipocyte | cells that primarily compose adipose tissue, specialized in storing energy as fat. |
| Collagen | the main protein of connective tissue in animals and the most abundant protein in mammals, making up about 25% to 35% of the whole-body protein content. |
| Reticular fiber | Thin collagen fibers coated with glycoprotein |
| Elastic fiber | These fibers can stretch up to 1.5 times their length, and snap back to their original length when relaxed. |
| Ground substance | a term for the non-cellular components of extracellular matrix containing the fibers |
| Glycosaminoglycan | long unbranched polysaccharides consisting of a repeating disaccharide unit. |
| Chondroitin sulfate | sulfated glycosaminoglycan (GAG) composed of a chain of alternating sugars. It is usually found attached to proteins as part of a proteoglycan |
| Proteoglycan | Creats a strong structural bond between cells and extracellular macromolecules to help hold tissue together |
| Adhesion glycoproteins | protein-carbohydrate complexes that bind plasma membrane proteins to collegen and proteoglycans outside the cell wall. |
| Loose connective tissue | Much of the space occupied by ground substance, which is dissoved out of the tissue during histological fixation. |
| Dense connective tissue | Fibers that occupy more space than the cells and ground substance, and appears closely packed in tissue sections. |
| Areolar tissue | exhibits interlacing, loosely organized fibers, abundant blood vessels, and a lot of seemingly empty space. Its fiber run in random directions and are mostly collagenous |
| Reticular connective tissue | a network of fibers that are synthesized by special fibroblasts. The fibers are thin branching structures. |
| Adipose tissue | loose connective tissue composed of adipocytes. Its main role is to store energy in the form of fat, although it also cushions and insulates the body. |
| Cartilage | type of dense connective tissue. It is composed of specialized cells called chondrocytes that produce a large amount of extracellular matrix composed of collagen fibers, abundant ground substance rich in proteoglycan, and elastin fibers. |
| Chondroblast | a cell which originates from a mesenchymal stem cell and forms chondrocytes, commonly known as cartilage cells. |
| Lacunae | a small space containing an osteocyte in bone or chondrocyte in cartilage |
| Chondrocyte | the only cells found in cartilage. They produce and maintain the cartilaginous matrix, which consists mainly of collagen and proteoglycans. |
| Hyaline cartilage | consists of a slimy mass of a firm consistency. It contains no nerves or blood vessels, and its structure is relatively simple. |
| Elastic cartilage | type of cartilage present in the outer ear, larynx, and epiglottis. |
| Fibrocartilage | consists of a mixture of white fibrous tissue and cartilaginous tissue in various proportions; to the former of these constituents it owes its flexibility and toughness, and to the latter its elasticity. |
| Perichondrium | layer of dense irregular connective tissue which surrounds the cartilage of developing bone. |
| Osseous tissue | is the major structural and supportive connective tissue of the body. Osseous tissue forms the rigid part of the bone organs that make up the skeletal system. |
| Cancellous/spongy bone | a type of osseous tissue with a low density and strength but very high surface area, that fills the inner cavity of long bones |
| Cortical/compact bone | dense and forms the surface of bones, contributing 80% of the weight of a human skeleton. It is extremely hard, formed of multiple stacked layers with few gaps. |
| Haversian canals | a series of tubes around narrow channels formed by lamellae. |
| Concentric lamellae | onion like layers around each central canal |
| Osteon | consists of concentric layers, or lamellae, of compact bone tissue that surround a central canal, the Haversian canal. |
| Osteocyte | star-shaped cell, is the most abundant cell found in compact bone. |
| Canaliculi | a small channel found in ossified bone |
| Periosteum | membrane that lines the outer surface of all bones,except at the joints of long bones |
| Blood | a specialized bodily fluid that delivers necessary substances to the body's cells — such as nutrients and oxygen — and transports waste products away from those same cells. |
| Blood plasma | the liquid component of blood, in which the blood cells are suspended. It is composed of mostly water, and contains dissolved proteins, glucose, clotting factors, mineral ions, hormones and carbon dioxide |
| Erythrocyte/Red blood cell | the most common type of blood cell and the vertebrate body's principal means of delivering oxygen to the body tissues via the blood. |
| Platelet/thrombocytes | small, irregularly shaped anuclear cells; plays a fundamental role in hemostasis and are a natural source of growth factors |
| Excitable tissue | A charactaristic of all living cells but mostly in nervous and muscular cells |
| Membrane potential | the voltage difference between the interior and exterior of a cell. |
| Nervous tissue | The function is in communication between parts of the body |
| neurons | transmit impulses |
| neuroglia/ glial cells | assist propagation of the nerve impulse as well as provide nutrients to the neuron |
| Soma | Cell body; the bulbous end of a neuron, containing the cell nucleus. |
| Dendrite | the branched projections of a neuron that act to conduct the electrochemical stimulation received from other neural cells to the cell body |
| Axon/nerve fiber | long, slender projection of a nerve cell, or neuron, that conducts electrical impulses away from the neuron's cell body or soma. |
| Muscle Tissue | Their function is to produce force and cause motion;the contractile tissue of the body and is derived from the mesodermal layer of embryonic germ cells. |
| Skeletal muscle | They generally contract voluntarily |
| muscle fibers | cylindrical, and are multinucleated |
| Sphincter | a structure, usually a circular muscle, that normally maintains constriction of a natural body passage or orifice and which relaxes as required by normal physiological functioning |
| Cardiac muscle | type of involuntary striated muscle found in the walls of the heart, specifically the myocardium. |
| cardiac myocytes | Cardiac muscle cells |
| Intercalated disc | undulating double membrane separating adjacent cells in cardiac muscle fibers. Supports synchronized contraction of cardiac tissue. |
| Smooth muscle | a type of non-striated muscle,spindle-shaped, and is involuntary. Fusiformed shape and relatively short. |
| Visceral muscles | Small amounts of smooth muscle found in the eye and skin but most of it forms layers in the walls of the digestive, respiratory, and urinary tracts. |
| Intercellular Junctions | The connections between one cell and the other |
| Tight junctions | Completely encircles the epithelial cell near its apex and joins it tightly to the neighboring cells, like a plastice harness on a six pack of soda. |
| Desmosome | A cell structure specialized for cell-to-cell adhesion. |
| Gap junction | It directly connects the cytoplasm of two cells, which allows various molecules and ions to pass freely between cells. |
| Glands | A cell or organ that secretes substances for use elsewhere in the body or releases them for elimination from the body. |
| Exocrine glands | glands that secrete their hormones into duct glands. |
| Ducts | a circumscribed channel leading from an exocrine gland or organ |
| Endocrine glands | glands that secrete their products directly into the blood rather than through a duct |
| Unicellular glands | secratory glands found in the epithelium that is predominantly nonsecretory. |
| Capsule | Fiberous material that encloses most glands |
| Septa | thin walls or partitions between the internal chambers |
| Lobes | a clear anatomical division or extension that can be determined without the use of a microscope |
| Lobules | Finer connective tissue that is subdivided into each lobe. |
| Stroma | Connective tissue framework that supports and organizes glandular tissue |
| Parenchyma | Cells that perform the task of synthesis and secretion. |
| Simple exdocrine glands | Glands with a single unbranched duct |
| Compound exdocrine glands | Glands that have a branched duct |
| Tubular exdocrine glands | When the duct and secretory portion are of uniform diameter |
| Acinar | The gland in the secretory cell |
| Acinus | The sac in the secretory cell |
| Tubuloacinar | A gland with a secrtort cell in both the tubular and acinar portions |
| Serous glands | Produce relatively thin, watery fluids such as perspiration, milk, tears, and digestive juices. |
| Mucous glands | Found in the toung and the roof of the mouth and secrete glycoprotein called mucin. |
| Mixed glands | Contain both serous and mucous cells and produce a mixture of the two. |
| Cytogenic glands | Release whole cells. The only example of these are in the testes and overies. |
| Merocrine gland | secrete watery by products of exocytosis; release secretions without losing cytoplasm |
| Holocrine gland | Secretory cells disintegrate to deliver their accumulated product, oil-producing glands of the scalp |
| Apocrine glands | sweat glands found in axillary and genital region |
| Cutaneous membrane | The skin, composed of stratified squamous epithelium and dense connective tissue. |
| Mucous membrane | Lines passageways that open to the exterior environment |
| Lamina propria | An areolar connective tissue layer |
| Muscularis mucosae | Thin layer of smooth muscle |
| Serous mambranes | Comosed of simple squamous epithelium resting on a thin layer of areolar connective tissue. |
| Serous fluid | a watery fluid secreted by membrane; lubricated membrane surfaces |
| Endothelium | a type of simple squamous epithelium that provides a slick, friction-reducing lining for lymphatic vessels and hollow organs of the cardiovascular system |
| Mesothelium | found in serious membranes; pleural, pericardial and peritoneal cavity, covers the visceral organs of those cavities |
| Synovial membranes | membranes that line joint cavities, produce luberication, protect ends of bone |
| Hyperplasia | Tissue growth through cell mutiplication |
| Hypertrophy | The enlargement of pre-existing cells |
| Neoplastia | The development of a tumor -- wheather benign or malignant -- composed of abnormal, nonfunctional tissue. |
| Differentiation | process in which cells become specialized in structure and function |
| Metaplasia | A change of one type of mature tissue to another |
| Stem cells | undifferentiated cells that can develop into different types of cells |
| Developmental plasticity | ability to alter form in response to local environmental conditions. |
| Embryonic stem cells | an undifferentiated cell, taken from an embryo that has potential to give rise to various other cell or tissue types |
| Totipotent | Stem cells with the potential to differentiate into any type of cell |
| Blastocyst | A fluid-filled sphere formed about 5 days after fertilization of an ovum that is made up of an outer ring of cells and inner cell mass. This is the structure that implants in the endometrium of the uterus. |
| Pluripotent | A stem cell that can become anything it wants based on the surrounding cells, minus the assosory organs of pregnancy. |
| Adult stem cells | Cells present in adult tissues that generate replacements for nondividing differentiated cells that can be of great therapeutic potential. |
| Multipotent | The ability of stem cells to develop into two or more different cell lines, but not just any type of body cell. |
| Unipotent | stem cells with limited plasticity |
| Regeneration | The replacement of dead or damage cells by the same type of cells as before. |
| Fibrosis | The replacement of damaged tissue with scar tissue, composed mainly of collagen, produced by fibroblasts. |
| Granulation Tissue | Formation of wounds of tissue composed largely of capillaries and fibroblasts |
| Atrophy | The shrinkage of tissue through a loss in cell size or number. |
| Necrosis | The premature, pathological death of tissue due to trauma, toxins, or infections. |
| Gangrene | Tissue necrosis resulting from insufficient blood supply. |
| Infraction | The sudden death of tissue , such as a heart muscle , which occurs when the blood is cut off. |
| Decubitus ulcer | A tissue necrosis that occurs when immobilized persons are unable to move , and continual pressure on the skin cuts off the blood supply. |
| Apoptosis | Programmed cell death; normal death of a cell that has completed thier function. |
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