Chapter 9 Vocabulary
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22 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 acetyl Co-A | The entry compound for the Krebs cycle in cellular respiration; formed from a fragment of pyruvate attached to a coenzyme. |
| aerobic | Containing oxygen; referring to an organism, environment, or cellular process that requires oxygen |
| alcohol fermentation | The conversion of pyruvate to carbon dioxide and ethyl alcohol. |
| ATP synthase | An adenine-containing nucleotide triphosphate that releases free energy when its phosphate bonds are hydrolyzed. This energy is used to drive endergonic reactions in cells |
| beta oxidation | A metabolic sequence that breaks fatty acids down to two-carbon fragments which enter the Krebs cycle as acetyl CoA. |
| cellular respiration | The most prevalent and efficient catabolic pathway for the production of ATP, in which oxygen is consumed as a reactant along with the organic fuel. |
| chemiosmosis | An energy-coupling mechanism that uses energy stored in the form of a hydrogen ion gradient across a membrane to drive cellular work, such as the synthesis of ATP. Most ATP synthesis in cells occurs by chemiosmosis |
| cytochrome (cyt) | An iron-containing protein, a component of electron transport chains in mitochondria and chloroplasts |
| facultative anaerobe | An organism that makes ATP by aerobic respiration if oxygen is present but that switches to fermentation under anaerobic conditions. |
| fermentation | A catabolic process that makes a limited amount of ATP from glucose without an electron transport chain and that produces a characteristic end product, such as ethyl alcohol or lactic acid |
| glycolysis | The splitting of glucose into pyruvate. Glycolysis is the one metabolic pathway that occurs in all living cells, serving as the starting point for fermentation or aerobic respiration. |
| krebs Cycle | A chemical cycle involving eight steps that completes the metabolic breakdown of glucose molecules to carbon dioxide; occurs within the mitochondrion; the second major stage in cellular respiration. |
| lactic acid fermentation | The conversion of pyruvate to lactate with no release of carbon dioxide. |
| NAD+ | Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, a coenzyme present in all cells that helps enzymes transfer electrons during the redox reactions of metabolism |
| oxidation | The loss of electrons from a substance involved in a redox reaction. |
| oxidative phosphorylation | The production of ATP using energy derived from the redox reactions of an electron transport chain. |
| oxidizing agent | The electron acceptor in a redox reaction. |
| proton-motive force | The potential energy stored in the form of an electrochemical gradient, generated by the pumping of hydrogen ions across biological membranes during chemiosmosis. |
| redox reactions | A chemical reaction involving the transfer of one or more electrons from one reactant to another; also called oxidation-reduction reaction. |
| reducing agent | The electron donor in a redox reaction |
| reduction | The addition of electrons to a substance involved in a redox reaction. |
| substrate-level phosphorylation | The formation of ATP by directly transferring a phosphate group to ADP from an intermediate substrate in catabolism. |
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