1.
"first servant of the state": Frederick considered himself this, and many of his reforms were for the improvement of society, but most were intended to increase the power of the state.
2.
cameralism: mercantilism designed to increase a ruler's power; the science of public finance and administration
3.
Catherine the Great: German-born Russian tsarina in the 18th century; ruled after assassination of her husband; gave appearance of enlightened rule; accepted Western cultural influence; maintained nobility as service aristocracy by granting them new power over peasantry.
4.
enlightened absolutism: European rulers who embraced many of the philosophes' reforms, monarchical government dedicated to rational strengthening of central absolutist administration at cost of lesser political power centers
5.
Frederick the Great: Prussian king of the 18th century; attempted to introduce Enlightenment reforms into Germany; built on military and bureaucratic foundations of his predecessors; introduced freedom of religion; increased state control of economy.
6.
Haskalah: Jewish Enlightenment by Maskilim (enlighteners) modernized traditional Jewish life and literature. Pressed for integration into European society, increasing education in secular studies, Hebrew language, and Jewish history. Resulted in first Jewish political movements and the struggle for Jewish emancipation; shaped Jews to live up to reason, common sense and enlightenment ideals, started by Moses
7.
Joseph II: most aggressive reformer of his era; radical royal reformer of Austria; introduced legal reforms, freedom of the press, supported freedom of worship (even Protestants, Orthodox Christians, and Jews); abolished serfdom and ordered that peasants be paid for their labor with cash; most of his reforms were undone after his death
8.
Maria Theresa: This was the queen of Austria as a result of the Pragmatic Sanction. She limited the papacy's political influence in Austria, strengthened her central bureaucracy and cautiously reduced the power that nobles had over their serfs
9.
Moses Mendelssohn: Rewrote the torah in German transliteration. He advocated entering German culture while keeping Jewish law. He was orthodox but had a few reform principles.
10.
Pale of Settlement: Market towns and small cities where Jews were confined by the New Russian Tsar in 1881. There, they worked as artisans and petty, and owned no land. They migrated to escape from factory competition and oppression.
11.
Pragmatic Sanction: This was the act passed by Charles VI that stated that Hapsburg possessions were never to be divided, in order to allow his daughter to be ruler
12.
Pugachev's Rebellion: rebellion that promised serfs freedom but Catherine violently suppressed it so that the nobles would support her. As a result, the serfs were even worse off
13.
Seven Years War: Austria vs Prussia; Austria abandoned old ally Britain for France and Russia; Prussia joined with British (WINNERS); significance: no territorial changes in Europe, Britain gained complete control over the overseas colonies of France (called The French and Indian War in North America); Russia and Prussia emerged as powerful forces in European affairs
14.
War of Austrian Succession: began in 1740 when Fredrick the Great of Prussia sent his army to occupy the Austrian land of Silesia; Maria Theresa got aid from Hungarian nobles and Great Britain to fight Prussia; ended in 1748 with Maria Theresa losing Silesia and Prussia becoming a major European power with Silesia
