German Unification
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44 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Cavour | the "mover" behind the unification of Italy. Hired by Victor Emmanuel II as prime minister of the House of Savoy. he was progressive, liberalistic, and modern. |
| Garibaldi | the "muscle" behind the unification of italy. A.K.A. "The Hero of Two Worlds". Created the Red Shirts to campaign through Italy to Naples (ended in a carriage ride). |
| Mazzini | the "ideas" behind the unification of Italy. He wrote "the duties of man", saying your loyalty is to your family->country->God. He also created Young Italy.All based on Hegel's dialectic. |
| Real Politique | A machiavellian politician who believes, "the end justifies the means", it is better to be feared by the people than loved, and you should be a lion and a fox.During the Italian Unification these types of politicians became more popular. |
| Italian Unification | 1859- Cavour, Mazzini, Garibaldi. Nationalism, one volk, |
| Piedmont and Sardinia | Under Prussian control (Victor Emmanuel II). Arch rival of Austria. Known as the House of Savoy. |
| Siccardi Laws and Law of Convents | Anti-Catholic laws in Piedmont passed by Cavour. |
| War with Austria | war between Cavour (Piedmont) and Austria. Napoleon III promised to support Cavour if Austria first attacked. Prussia mobilized and scared Napoleon off.Piedmont got Lumbardy (Turin). Helped Cavour's plan to unify Italy. |
| Plombieres Agreement | Cavour of Sardinia created a diplomatic alliance with Napoleon III against Austria for help in driving Austria out of Lombardy and Venetia and uniting Northern Italy. |
| The Doctrine of Nationalities | Napoleon III created this while ruling the united Italian states.It was a plan to unite all the other nations also. |
| plebiscite | vote by the people |
| Cavour | During the Franco-Austrian War garibaldi was going to march through Italy with the Red Shirts (which would upset Victor Emmanuel II) so THIS MAN planned and open carriage ride through Naples for Garibaldi and Victor Emmanuel. |
| Irredentia | unclaimed italian land |
| German Unification | before this there were many German states. Zollverin, Bismarck, and nationalism |
| Zollverin | was a tariff union that removed tariff barriers between the German states and was the first step toward a new German unity. |
| Wilhelm I | He became king of Prussia in 1861 but wanted more power so he appointed Bismarck as his Prime Minister. In 1871, at the Palace of Versailles after the Franco-Prussian war, he was proclaimed Kaiser of the German Empire by Bismarck. |
| Junkers | Prussian nobles that recruited soldiers for the Prussian Army. |
| Constitutional Struggle | Bismarck believed that the constitution shouldn't undermine the State. He said, "... by blood and iron" should the constitution be made. |
| Bismarck | Main man responsible for the Unification of Germany. He was prime minister in Prussia. He said, "...by blood and iron!" |
| Bismarck's qoute | "Not by speeches or majority votes are the great questions of the day decided- that was the great error of 1848 and 1849- but by blood and iron." |
| Grossdeutsch | Big Germany, including parts of Prussia |
| Kleindeutsch | small german states, not including Prussian states |
| North German Confederation | created by Bismarck in 1867, Result of end of Austria-Prussian War, Austria doesn't get involved in German affairs, Major step towards German unification. |
| War with Denmark | 1864-Bismarck's first move was to make an alliance with Austria, Prussia got Schleswig and Austria got Holstein. |
| Treaty of Vienna | 1864-Prussia got Schleswig and Austria got Holstein in this treaty |
| Austron-Prussian war | AKA the Seven Weeks War of 1866. The Austrians and Prussians joined together to defeat Denmark, but after the victory Prussia ignored Austria. Austria joined with the German States but were defeated at the Battle of Koniggratz. Ended with the Peace of Prague- eliminated the Grossdeutsch. |
| Battle of Koniggratz | Battle in which Prussia defeated Austria and Germany in the Seven Weeks War. (AKA the Battle of Sadowa) |
| Peace of Prague | eliminated the Grossdeutsch after the Seven Weeks War. |
| indemnity | a payment for damage or loss in war |
| La Salleon Socialists | Followed Ferdinand LaSalleon, a German Socialists. Differed from Marx because he believed you could change working conditions through the already existing government. |
| Franco-Prussian War | The Spainish throne was empty and Leopold of Prussia wanted to fill it but Napoleon didn't want him to. caused by the Ems dispatch- edited by Beneditti |
| Ems Dispatch | Leopold wrote a letter to Napoleon saying he would not put a Prussian on the throne of Spain, but Beneditti edited it again making it say he will put a Prussian on the throne. Napoleon III was infuriated. |
| Treaty of Frankfurt | the end of the Franco-Prussian War. Alsace and Lorriane given to Germany. Set a precedent for the Treaty of Vienna- Germany humilitaed the French, later the French will humiliate the Germans after WWII. |
| Third Republic | Started after the end of the Franco-Prussian War, which led to the fall of Napolean III, lasted until the invasion of the German third Reich. It was the longest regime from after the French Revolution. |
| Paris Commune | lasted march-may of 1871 till it was crushed by the National Assembly because it represented revolutionary ideas of France, and it was republican and patriotic. many were deported, jailed or killed in the end. |
| Kaiser Reich | a ruling body in Germany, like a parliament. When Hitler came into power he created a new Reich. (this is a really bad diagram) Kaiser->Chancelor->Reichstag----> 25 States L> Bundsrat ----> 25 States |
| Wilhelm II | (1888-1918) took Bismarck's place after many attempts to eradicate socialism. He was the last king of Prussia and the last kaiser |
| The Third French Republic | (1870-1940) developed after the Austro-Prussian war. In 1871 democracy was formed with a treaty signed by Bismarck. It had no constitution but constitutive laws |
| Mini-Civil War in France | 1870's after the Third Republic was set up, the National assembly took over the Paris Commune. They deported, put in jail, or killed the members of the Commune. |
| Communards | republican followers of the Paris Commune at the start of the Third Republic. Wanted the government to control prices, and they were opposed to the high bourgeoisie/clergy. They wouldn't cal themselves socialists though. |
| May 1871 | Paris Commune was uprooted by the national assembly. |
| General Boulanger | defended republican institutes after the social revolution in Paris. He planned a coup d'etat of the french government but the night before he ran away to england. |
| Dreyfus Affair | 1894 Captain Dreyfus (a jew) was wrongly convicted of treason when it was really Major Esterhazy. Dreyfus was eventually cleared but the event highlighted anti-semitism |
| Dual Monarchy | germans and the mgyars joined together in 1867- seperate governments, laws, etc. Same house to decide on financial issues, and ruler. |
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