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Rembrandt van RiJn • 1606-1669 • Greatest Dutch artist of the seventeenth century • Interested by human character, emotion, and self-revelation • Painted portraits of wealthy middle class merchants • Painted The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Tulp in 1632 • Drew human bodies through dissections which gave us a better understanding of the human anatomy Scientific Revolution • 16th and 17th Centuries • A period of new scientific inquiry, experimentation, and discovery • Tested the limits of ancient knowledge • Sought explanations for contradictions • Materialistic and Mathematical o Calculation replaces common sense o Earthly view of composition of Universe Nicolaus Copernicus • 1473-1543 • Studied in Poland • Sun-centered universe • On the Revolution of the Heavenly Spheres, 1543 • Circular Orbit Tycho Brahe • 1546-1601 • Studied Astronomy is Denmark • Discovered Nova, Comet o Challenged Crystalline Theory of universe • Sun-centered universe, with all planets orbiting earth Johannes Kepler • 1571-1630 German • Mathematician, Astronomer, Astrologer, believed Copernicus and confirmed heliocentric theory • Discovered that planets orbit the sun in elliptical path • Discovered precise mathematical relationship between speed with which a planet revolves in relation to distance from sun Galileo Galilei • Italian, 1564-1642 • Created telescope by using magnifying lenses and long tube • Discovered four moons of Jupiter, giving evidence that celestial bodies didn't revolve around Earth • Wrote A Dialogue Between the Two Great Systems of the World in 1633 • Catholic Church deemed him anti-Christian, tried by Inquisition de España Hermes Trismegistus • Supposed Egyptian, lived during 2nd Century BC • Influential mystical traditions • Believed in universal spirit present everywhere • Taught high magic and alchemy Paracelsus • Swiss Alchemist, 1493-1541 • Believed matter composed of three principles; salt, sulfur, and mercury • Discovered disease had its own cause and cure, prescribed ingestion of distilled metals • Influential to new medicine ideas and chemistry alchemy • The use and study of metal through means of purification by fire to find 'essence' • Belief that matter could be understood and transformed Robert Boyle • English 1627-1691, wrote "The Skeptical Chymist" 1661 • Rejected Aristotelian and Paracelsian views / 4 humors and 3 principles • Developed Boyle's Law (V/P) and the air pump • Favored atomic explanation of particles Andreas Vesalius • Belgian Doctor, 1514-1564 • Published earliest anatomical drawings 1543 • Blood originated in liver, passed through heart through mysterious pores (later defined as Capillaries by Marcello Malpighi) • Physician to Charles V William Harvey • English, 1578-1657 • Discovered heart's function as a pump • Discovered heart's chambers • Reasoned that blood circulated the entire body Sir Isaac Newton • English, 1643-1727 • Mathematician, physician, and astronomer • United physics and astronomy • Developed calculus, created laws of motion, inertia, composition of light, built reflecting telescope, universal law of gravitation • Studied in the Royal Society in London Francis Bacon • English, 1561-1626; believed in manipulating nature to discover new ideas • Not a scientist, but a propagandist • Pushed importance of research, developed scientific method in "Advancement of Learning" 1605 • Inspired others to pursue new science Rene Descartes • French philosopher and mathematician (1596-1650), proved Galileo's views through math • "Discourse on Method" 1637 skepticism could lead to certainty, "I think therefore I am" • Known as the "Father of Modern Philosophy" • Invented the Cartesian coordinate system; Cartesianism • The dual existence of matter and mind Flyboats • Dutch innovation in shipbuilding • Cheap to build and manned by small crews • Greatly increased ability for international trade • Sacrificed mobility in order to carry larger loads Triangular Trade • Trade among three separate ports • Rectified trade imbalances • Allowed trading for necessities • Example: British goods--->African Slaves--->West Indian Sugar; matched supply and demand instead of meeting surplus giro banking • Italian, early form of checking with bills of transfer • Money is stored in an account • Got rid of need for bullion being carried • Easier and safer Bills of Exchange • Basic form of checking, replaced precious metals, uniformly accepted • Had the disadvantage that the account may be empty by the time the bill was cashed • Used in the giro banking system Bank of England • Formed in 1694 • Solved problems with bills of exchange, had security of payment because it was backed by certain taxes • Helped during Industrial Revolution to supply capital to entrepreneurs • Put out uniform currency by buying bills at discount—paying less than face value—exchanging for own currency calicoes • Popular light cotton cloth • Traded from India to Europe Mercantilism • More money = more power • Limited amount of money in the world • Wanted as big a 'piece of the pie' as possible • Colonies are solely for the mother country • Tariffs and taxes monopoly • When one company controls most or all of the trade in a good • Good for mercantilism • Often supported by governments Ex. Dutch East India Company • Ex. Hanseatic League joint-stock company • Sold shares in a business to raise funds • Shareholders rule company, share profits • Was a way to found colonies in the New World Navigation Acts • English economic legislation • Stated that English goods could only be transported on English ships • Was for mercantilism • Major cause of dissent in Britain's New World colonies tariffs • Import taxes making foreign goods cost more • Supposed to make citizens buy their own state's goods • Large aspect of mercantilism Treaty of Nijmengen • Ended mercantile wars between France and an alliance of Brandenburg, the Holy Roman Empire, Spain, and the Netherlands • Signed in 1678 balance of power • Distribution of power among nations in an alliance • Was meant so that one nation could not dominate the others Nine Years' War • Distribution of power among nations in an alliance • Was meant so that one nation could not dominate the others War of Spanish Succession • Caused by conflict over Spanish heir • William III of England reformed the Grand Alliance against France and Spain • England and Holland provided navy and money • Ended by Treaty of Utrecht Treaty of Utrecht • Ended War of Spanish of Succession • Created quarter-century of peace in Europe • Resolved a number of trading issues, all favoring Britain Seven Years' War • War over colonies all around the world • Between England and France • Took place in North American mainland, west Indian sugar plantations, and eastern India • Britain is overall victor, eventually became global imperial power Peace of Paris • France gave Britain Canada for return of west Indian islands • Stopped France's ascendancy • Made in 1763 Cartesianism • Derived by Rene Descartes • Rested on the dual existence of matter and mind • Matter was subject to the mathematical laws • Mind was the spirit of the creator entrepôt • Created by the Dutch • Place where goods were brought for storage before being traded Neoplatonism • Supporters believed world was composed of ideas and forms hidden by physical properties • Architect of universe possessed sprit of geometrician • Created an impetus for mathematical studies of scientists • Very important to astronomers