cellular respiration
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Robert1234 on March 9, 2009
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51 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 1.What materials are needed for a cell to produce a molecule of adenosine triphosphate? | To produce a molecule of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), a cell needs adenosine diphosphate (ADP), phosphate, an energy source, and the appropriate enzyme. |
| 2. How do adenosine diphosphate and adenosine triphosphate differ in structure? in energy content? | Adenosine diphosphate and adenosine triphosphate differ in the number of phosphate groups they possess; the "di" in diphosphate indicates that adenosine diphosphate contains two phosphate groups, while the "tri" in triphosphate tells us that adenosine triphosphate contains three phosphate groups. As a result of containing one more phosphate (and the high energy bond that attaches it), adenosine triphosphate has more energy than adenosine diphosphate. A large amount of energy must be used to attach another phosphate to ADP; this means that when a phosphate is removed from ATP, a large amount of energy will be released. This is the energy that is used for virtually all cell activities that require energy. |
| 3. What is a heterotroph? What is an autotroph? | A heterotroph is an organism that can not produce its own food. Since most food is produced by photosynthesis, the term heterotroph is usually applied to organisms that do not carry out photosynthesis. In contrast, autotrophs are "self-nourishing." They can conduct photosynthesis and produce their own food. Recall that the primary products of photosynthesis are molecules of carbohydrates, which are used as energy sources and building materials by many different organisms. |
| 4. Describe glucose: how many atoms of C are present? how many atoms of H? how many atoms of O? What is the energy content of glucose, in comparison to carbon dioxide? | One molecule of glucose contains 6 atoms of carbon, 12 atoms of hydrogen, and 6 atoms of oxygen. A molecule of glucose contains much more energy than one molecule of carbon dioxide. (One molecule of glucose actually contains more energy than 6 molecules of carbon dioxide.) |
| 5. Describe the process of oxidation in terms of: electrons, energy. | The process of oxidation usually results in the loss of electrons; since the lost electrons carry away energy, an oxidized molecule loses energy. In contrast, when a molecule is reduced, it gains an electron and the energy that the electron brings with it. |
| 6. Compare oxidation and reduction | The process of oxidation usually results in the loss of electrons; since the lost electrons carry away energy, an oxidized molecule loses energy. In contrast, when a molecule is reduced, it gains an electron and the energy that the electron brings with it. |
| 7. Describe the function of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD). | Molecules of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) serve as sites for the temporary storage of energy and for the transportation of this energy from one site, or reaction, to another site, or reaction. This energy is in an electron of hydrogen, so that the reduced form of NAD (i.e., the high energy version) is written NAD-H. |
| 8. The breakdown of glucose during respiration results in the formation of two 3 carbon molecules called _?_; during this process some hydrogens are released from glucose and are picked up by the molecule called _?_. | pyruvic acid; 8B. nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) |
| 9. Which has more energy: one molecule of glucose, or two molecules of pyruvic acid? | One molecule of glucose contains more energy than two molecules of pyruvic acid. |
| 10. What does glycolysis mean? | The term "glycolysis" refers to the splitting (or lysis) or glucose molecules. |
| 11. Where in the cell does glycolysis occur? | The enzymes for glycolysis are located in the cytoplasm; they are not associated with any particular organelle. |
| 12. How much oxygen is used during glycolysis? | No environmental oxygen is used during glycolysis; therefore, glycolysis is anaerobic. (Keep in mind that this does not mean that no oxygen is present in any of the involved molecules; most of them (such as glucose) do contain oxygen.) |
| 13. What does aerobic mean? | The term "aerobic" literally means "with air." As used in cellular respiration, it refers to the removal of oxygen from the environment of an organism and the use of that oxygen in some activity, such as cellular respiration. In contrast, "anaerobic" refers to an absence of oxygen. (Keep in mind that the "environment" of an organism may be either air or water.) |
| 14. What does anaerobic mean? | the term "aerobic" literally means "with air." As used in cellular respiration, it refers to the removal of oxygen from the environment of an organism and the use of that oxygen in some activity, such as cellular respiration. In contrast, "anaerobic" refers to an absence of oxygen. (Keep in mind that the "environment" of an organism may be either air or water.) |
| 15. Products of glycolysis include: | Products of glycolysis include adenosine triphosphate, pyruvic acid, and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (= NAD-H). |
| 16. The end products of alcoholic fermentation include: | The end products of alcoholic fermentation include: adenosine triphosphate, carbon dioxide, and ethyl alcohol. |
| 17. How many molecules of ethyl alcohol are produced during fermentation of one molecule of glucose? | The alcoholic fermentation of one molecule of glucose results in the production of two molecules of carbon dioxide and two molecules of ethyl alcohol. Remember, each time one molecule of ethyl alcohol is produced, one molecule of carbon dioxide is also produced. |
| 18. How many molecules of carbon dioxide are produced during the fermentation of one molecule of glucose? | The alcoholic fermentation of one molecule of glucose results in the production of two molecules of carbon dioxide and two molecules of ethyl alcohol. Remember, each time one molecule of ethyl alcohol is produced, one molecule of carbon dioxide is also produced. |
| 19. How much oxygen is used during the fermentation of one glucose molecule? | oxygen is used during the fermentation of glucose. |
| 20. Name an organism in which alcoholic fermentation takes place. | Alcoholic fermentation occurs in plants, fungi (such as yeasts), and bacteria but not in animals. |
| 21. Compare the oxidized form of NAD with the reduced form. | The reduced form of NAD would include an added hydrogen so it should be written as NAD-H; this form contains more energy than the oxidized form, NAD. |
| 22. Name an organism in which lactic acid fermentation occurs. | Lactic acid fermentation occurs in many animal cells and in some bacteria. |
| 23. From what molecule is lactic acid produced? | During lactic acid fermentation, lactic acid is produced from pyruvic acid. |
| 24. How many carbon atoms are present in one lactic acid molecule? | One molecule of lactic acid contains three carbon atoms. Both pyruvic acid and lactic acid contain three carbon atoms, but lactic acid contains more energy. Why? (Clue: what has been added to the pyruvic acid as it is being converted into lactic acid?) |
| 25. How much oxygen is used during the production of lactic acid? | Since lactic acid fermentation is anaerobic, no environmental oxygen is used. |
| 26. Where in a cell is lactic acid produced? | Lactic acid is produced by enzymes in the cytoplasm; these enzymes are not attached to an organelle. |
| 27. What happens to lactic acid after it is formed in a cell? | After lactic acid is formed it may accumulate and cause the symptoms we associate with fatigue. When atmospheric oxygen becomes available, the lactic acid is converted back into pyruvic acid, and aerobic respiration (Kreb's cycle and the electron transport system) removes much of the energy stored in lactic acid. |
| 28. Which has more carbon atoms: one molecule of glucose or two molecules of lactic acid? Which contains more energy: one molecule of glucose or two molecules of lactic acid? | One molecule of glucose and two molecules of lactic acid have the same number of carbon atoms (six). However, one molecule of glucose has more energy than two molecules of lactic acid. Remember, when glucose is split, some energy is released (and part of this energy is used to manufacture molecules of ATP). |
| 29. What are the two end products of lactic acid fermentation? | The two end products of lactic acid fermentation are molecules of ATP and lactic acid. |
| 30. How can a human detect the presence of lactic acid in the body? | The presence of lactic acid in the human body is partially responsible for the tired feeling that we call fatigue and for the subsequent muscle aches and pains that accompany too much strenuous exercise or activity. |
| 31. Why do yeasts produce ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide during anaerobic respiration while animals produce lactic acid? | The products of fermentation (either ethyl alcohol, carbon dioxide, and ATP or lactic acid and ATP) are determined by the types of enzymes present in an organism. The types of enzymes are primarily controlled by the genetic information that is present in the DNA of the genes (which are parts of the chromosomes). |
| 32. If oxygen is present for respiration, the pyruvate (= pyruvic acid) molecules produced from glucose are converted into molecules of _A_; this involves the production and release of molecules of _B_ and _C_. The molecule named in _A_ will be moved from the part of the cell called the _D_ into the cell organelle called the _E_. | If oxygen is present for respiration, the pyruvate (= pyruvic acid) molecules produced from glucose are converted into molecules of A. acetate; this involves the production and release of molecules of B. NAD-H and C. carbon dioxide. The molecule named in _A_ (acetate) will be moved from the part of the cell called the D. cytoplasm into the cell organelle called the E. mitochondrion. |
| 33. How many membranes surround a mitochondrion? What are the names of these membranes? | A mitochondrion is surrounded by two membranes. These membranes are simply referred to as the outer membrane and the inner membrane. |
| 34. Inward folds of the inner membrane of a mitochondrion are called: | The inward projecting folds of the inner membrane of a mitochondrion are called cristae. |
| 35. How many acetate groups are produced from one glucose during respiration? | Two acetate groups are produced from one glucose. Each acetate contains two carbon atoms. Two carbon dioxide molecules are also released. |
| 36. In what cell part (= cell organelle) does the Kreb's cycle occur? | Two acetate groups are produced from one glucose. Each acetate contains two carbon atoms. Two carbon dioxide molecules are also released. |
| 37. In what part of the mitochondrion does the Kreb's cycle occur? | The Kreb's cycle occurs in the matrix of the mitochondria. The matrix is the "filler" material inside the inner membrane. |
| 38. In what part of the mitochondrion does the electron transport system take place? | The electron transport system (ETS) occurs on the cristae of the mitochondria. |
| 39. Where in a mitochondrion are the enzymes for the electron transport system (ETS) ? | The enzymes that control the reactions of the electron transport system are located on the cristae of the mitochondria. Remember, in most cases the location of the enzymes determines where the reactions will occur. |
| 40. The initial events in the Kreb's cycle involve the combination of a four carbon molecule with acetate to produce a molecule that is named _A_ and contains _B_ (how many?) carbon atoms. | The initial events in the Kreb's cycle involve the combination of a four carbon molecule with acetate to produce a molecule that is named A. citric acid and that contains B. six carbon atoms. (Because citric acid is the first molecule produced in this series of events, many people refer to the series as the citric acid cycle rather than the Kreb's cycle.) |
| 41. During Kreb's Cycle, molecules of citric acid, which have _A_ (how many?) atoms of carbon, are _B_ (oxidized or reduced?) to regenerate the starting materials, which were 4 carbon molecules. | During Kreb's Cycle, molecules of citric acid, which have A. six atoms of carbon, are B. oxidized to regenerate the starting materials, which were 4 carbon molecules. |
| 42. During the oxidation of citric acid back to the 4 carbon beginning material in the Kreb's Cycle, substances released include: A. low energy molecules of a waste material called _A_; | During the oxidation of citric acid back to the four carbon beginning material in the Kreb's Cycle, substances released include: A. low energy molecules of a waste material called A. carbon dioxide; |
| 43. The carrier molecules NAD and FAD are important in Kreb's cycle because these molecules can: (describe their function) | The carrier molecules NAD and FAD are important in the Kreb's cycle because these molecules can pick up, temporarily store, and safely transport high-energy electrons from the Kreb's cycle to the electron transport system. |
| 44. The carrier molecules NAD and FAD, after being reduced during the Kreb's cycle, will move to the part of the mitochondrion called the _?_ . | The carrier molecules NAD and FAD, after being reduced to NAD-H and FAD-H2 during the Kreb's cycle will move to the part of the mitochondrion called the cristae. |
| 45. In the electron transport system (=ETS), molecules of a substance called _A_, which supplies energy for cell activities, are produced by the _B_ (oxidation or reduction?) of carrier molecules and the subsequent removal of energy from atomic structures called _C_ (protons, neutrons, or electrons?). | In the electron transport system (=ETS), molecules of a substance called A. adenosine triphosphate (= ATP), which supplies energy for cell activities, are produced by the B. oxidation (= "removal of energy from") of carrier molecules and the subsequent removal of energy from atomic structures called C. electrons. |
| 46. The aerobic respiration of one molecule of glucose results in the net gain of approximately how many molecules of ATP? | In the electron transport system (=ETS), molecules of a substance called A. adenosine triphosphate (= ATP), which supplies energy for cell activities, are produced by the B. oxidation (= "removal of energy from") of carrier molecules and the subsequent removal of energy from atomic structures called C. electrons. |
| 47. The low energy electrons released at the end of the ETS combine with ions of _A_; these newly formed atoms then combine with atoms of _B_ to produce molecules of _C_, one of the end products of aerobic respiration. | The low energy electrons released at the end of the ETS combine with ions of A. hydrogen; these newly formed atoms then combine with atoms of B. oxygen to produce molecules of C. water, one of the end products of aerobic respiration. |
| 48. The primary function of respiration is? | The primary function of cellular respiration is: C. transfer energy from storage molecules such as glucose to useable molecules (ATP). Remember, no biological process can "make" or "destroy" energy. |
| 49. What happens to a cell that cannot respire? | A cell that cannot respire cannot produce molecules of ATP. Without ATP, the cell cannot carry out activities that require energy. Consequently, the cell will die (quickly!). |
| 50. How many mitochondria are present in a cell? | The number of mitochondria present in a cell is related to the cell's activities and the amount of ATP being used. Active cells (such as muscle cells and nerve cells) typically contain many more mitochondria than do less active cells (such as fat storage cells). |
| 51. Approximately what % of the energy stored in glucose is captured and stored in ATPs during aerobic respiration? | Approximately 40% of the energy stored in glucose is captured and stored in ATPs during aerobic respiration. While this may seem low and inefficient (i.e., 60% is not captured), few human engineered processes are even close to being that efficient. |
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