| Term | Definition |
|---|
| Meiosis | A process of reduction division in which the number of chromosomes per cell is cut in half through the separation of homologous chromosomes in a diploid cell. |
| Homologous | Each of the 4 chromosomes that came from the male parent has a corresponding chromosome from the female parent. |
| Diploid | Chromosome number (two sets) |
| Symbol for diploid cells | 2N |
| Haploid | Chromosome number (one set) |
| Symbol for haploid cells | N |
| Another name for haploid | Monoploid |
| Gametes | Sex cells (egg and sperm) |
| Sexual reproduction | When two individual organisms are involved in making a new organism. |
| Fertilization | The fusion of the nuclei of the sperm cell and the egg cell |
| Zygote | Cell resulting from fertilization |
| Gonads | Body's reproductive glands (ovaries and testes) |
| Gametogenesis | The process by which sperm and eggs are produced. |
| Hermaphrodites | An organism that has both male and female gonads. |
| Spermatogenesis | The production of sperm. The process begins with meiosis in primary diploid sperm cells. As a result, each primary sperm cell develops into four haploid cells of equal size. |
| Oogenesis | The production of egg cells. The primary egg cell undergoes meiosis, In this process, the division of the cytoplasm is unequal. The first meiotic division produces one large cell and one small one called a polar body. |
| Polar body | Product of cell division during oogenesis. |
| Products of oogenesis | One large haploid body egg cell and three small polar bodies. |
| Interphase I | Cells undergo a round of DNA replication forming duplicate chromosomes. |
| Phases of Meiosis I | Prophase 1, metaphase 1, anaphase 1, and telophase 1 |
| Result of meiosis | 4 haploid cells that are genetically different from one another and from the original cell. |
| Prophase I | Each chromosome pairs with its corresponding homologous chromosome to form a tetrad. |
| Tetrad | Structure containing 4 chromatids that forms during meiosis |
| Metaphase I | Spindle fibers attach to the chromosomes. The chromosomes then line up across the center of the cell. |
| Anaphase I | The fibers pull of homologous chromosomes toward opposite ends of the cell. |
| Telophase I and cytokinesis | Nuclear membranes form. The cell separates into two cells. |
| Prophase II | Meiosis I results in two haploid daughter cells, each with half the number of chromosomes as the original cell. |
| Metaphase II | The chromosomes line up across in a similar way to the metaphase stage of mitosis. |
| Anaphase II | The sister chromatids separate and move toward opposite ends of the cell. |
| Telophase II and cytokinesis | Meiosis II results in four haploid (N) daughter cells. |
| Cytokinesis | The splitting of the cytoplasm. |
| Crossing-over | The process when homologous chromosomes pair up and form tetrad in meiosis I. They may exchange portions of their chromatids. |
| Homolog | Each chromosome in a pair of homologous chromosomes |
| Synapsis | Process in which the chromatid pairs that are homologous come together and attach at their centromeres forming tetrads. |
| Independent Assortment | How tetrads are oriented is random |
| Ovaries | Female gonad |
| Testes | Male gonad |
| Flagellum | Ability to swim through liquids |
| Aspects of Meiosis that play a role in variation | Crossing-over and Independent assortment |
| Vegetative Propagation | Asexual reproduction in plants |
| Products of spermatogenesis | Four haploid sperm cells |
Combine with other sets
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