| Term | Definition |
|---|
| Realism | concern for fact or reality and rejection of the impractical and visionary |
| Positivism | Philosophical movement based in Vienna; asserts that every rationally justifiable assertion can be scientifically verified or is capable of logical or mathematical proof, and that therefore rejects metaphysics and theism |
| Realpolitik | Political theory, advocated by Bismarck, that national success justifies any means possible. Very Machiavellian. |
| Frederich Engels | A German philosopher, who developed the communist theory along side co-author of "The Communist Manifesto" KARL MARX. |
| The Communist Manifesto | written in 1848 by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels to describe the advantages that socialism has over a capitalism economy. it also tried to prove that class separation in society is only hurting the society |
| Utopian Socialism | Philosophy introduced by the Frenchman Charles Fourier in the early nineteenth century. Utopian socialists hoped to create humane alternatives to industrial capitalism by building self-sustaining communities whose inhabitants would work cooperatively |
| Dialectic | a system of argument or exposition in which the conflict between contradictory facts or ideas are resolved |
| Credit Mobilier | a joint-stock company organized in 1863 and reorganized in 1867 to build the Union Pacific Railroad. It was involved in a scandal in 1872 in which high government officials were accused of accepting bribes. |
| George Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel | German philosopher and author. A believer in universal consciousness, he also believed that history was a goal- driven process. A part of this process was the dialectic |
| Risorgimento | the italian nationalistic movement, which its goal of liberation and unification. secret societies had to form because nationalists could not support their cause openly. this term is the italian word for 'resurgence'. |
| Victor Emmanuel | First King of Italy, who was originally king of Sardinia. King of a untied Italy. Takes the Piedmont from Austria |
| Conservatism | A political ideology generally characterized by a belief in individualism and minimal government intervention in the economy and society; also a belief in the virtue of the status quo |
| Liberalism | belief in the value of strong government to provide economic secruity and protection for civil rights, combined with a belief in personal freedom from government intervention in social conduct |
| Nationalism | The unique cultural identity of a people based on common language, religion, and national symbols. |
| Giuseppe Garibaldi | (1807-82) An Italian radical who emerged as a powerful independent force in Italian politics. He planned to liberate the Two Kingdoms of Sicily. |
| Italia Irredenta | "unreedemed Itally",in reference to the regions where Italians were numerous, or the lands that were waiting for their turn to be incorporated in the Kingdom of Italy. In english the word means the demand, on nationalistic grounds, for anneaxation of regions beyond one's own frontiers. |
| German Confederation | consisted of 38 sovereign states recognized by the Vienna settlement, and was dominated by Austria and Prussia (b/c of their size); the confederation had little power and needed the consent of all 38 states to take action. |
| Junker | Strongly conservative members of Prussia wealthy landownings class |
| Ems Dispatch | Cause of war between Germany and France; Bismark took a telegram and edited it too much and then had it published; looked to the Prussians as though their king was being insulted by France. France felt as though they were being snubbed and declared war on Germany |
| Sturm und Drang | Storm & Stress, movement in German literature and music taking place from the late 1760s through the early 1780s in which individual subjectivity and, in particular, extremes of emotion were given free expression in response to the confines of rationalism imposed by the Enlightenment. Led by Johann Georg Hamann and Johann Wolfgang von Goethe. |
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