1.
acoustic encoding: the encoding of sound, especially the sound of words
2.
amnesia: the loss of memory
3.
automatic processing: unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings.
4.
chunking: organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically
5.
deja vu: cues from the current situation may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience
6.
echoic memory: a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds
7.
effortful processing: encoding that requires attention and conscious effort
8.
encoding: the processing of information into the memory system
9.
explicit memory: memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and 'declare'
10.
flashbulb memory: a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event
11.
hippocampus: a neural center that is located in the limbic system; helps process explicit memories for storage
12.
iconic memory: a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second
13.
imagery: mental pictures; a powerful aid to effortful processing, especially when combined with semantic encoding
14.
implicit memory: retention independent of conscious recollection
15.
long-term potentiation: an increase in a synapse's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. (neural basis for learning and memory)
16.
memory: the persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information
17.
misinformation effect: incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event
18.
mnemonics: memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivd imagery and organizational devices
19.
mood-congruent memory: the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood
20.
parallel processing: the processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously' the brain's natural mode of information processing for many functions.
21.
priming: the activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory
22.
proactive interference: the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information
23.
recall: a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier
24.
recognition: a measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned
25.
rehearsal: the conscious repetition of information, either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage
26.
relearning: a measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material for a second time
27.
repression: in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings and memories
28.
retrieval: the process of getting information out of memory storage
29.
retroactive interference: the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information
30.
semantic encoding: the encoding of meaning, including the meaning of words
31.
sensory memory: the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system
32.
serial position effect: our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list
33.
short-term memory: activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven digits of a phone number while dialing, before the information is stored or forgotten
34.
source amnesia: attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined.
35.
spacing effect: the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice
36.
visual encoding: the encoding of picture images
37.
working memory: a newer understanding of short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory
