Ch.7: Cellular Structure & Function Vocabulary
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kkirschner on November 11, 2011
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35 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 cell | basic unit of structure and organization of all living organisms |
| cell theory | states that (1) organisms are made of one or more cells; (2) cells are the basic unit of life; and (3) all cells come only from other cells |
| plasma membrane | flexible, selectively permeable boundary that helps control what enters and leaves the cell |
| eukaryotic cell | multicellular (an a few unicellular) organisms with membrane-bound nucleus and organelles; generally larger and more complex than a prokaryotic cell |
| nucleus | in eukaryotic cells -- the central membrane-bound organelle that manages cellular functions and contains DNA |
| organelle | specialized internal cell structure that carries out specific cell functions such as protein synthesis and energy transformation |
| prokaryotic cell | microscopic, unicellular organism without a nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles |
| selective permeability | property of the plasma membrane that allows it to control movement of substances into or out of the cell |
| phospholipid bilayer | plasma membrane layers composed of phospholipid molecules arranged with polar heads facing the outside and nonpolar tails facing the inside |
| transport protein | protein that moves substances or wastes through the plasma membrane |
| fluid mosaic model | a plasma membrane with components constantly in motion, sliding past one another within the lipid bilayer |
| cytoplasm | semifluid material inside the cell's plasma membrane |
| cytoskeleton | supporting network of protein fibers that provide a framework for the cell within the cytoplasm |
| nucleolus | the site of ribosome production within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells |
| ribosome | simple cell organelle that helps manufacture proteins |
| endoplasmic recticulum | highly folded membrane system in eukaryotic cells that is the site for protein and lipid synthesis |
| Golgi apparatus | flattened stack of tubular membranes that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins into vesicles and transports them to other organelles or out of the cell |
| vacuole | membrane-bound vesicle for temporary storage of materials such as food, enzymes, and wastes |
| centriole | organelle that plays a role in cell division and is made of microtubules |
| lysosome | vesicle that uses enzymes to digest excess or worn-out cellular substances |
| chloroplast | double-membrane organelle that captures light energy and converts it to chemical energy through photosynthesis |
| mitochondrion | membrane-bound organelle that converts fuel into energy that is available to the rest of the cell |
| cell wall | in plants-- the rigid barrier that surrounds the outside of the plasma membrane, is made of cellulose, and provides support and protection to the cell |
| cilium | short, hairlike projection that functions in cell movement |
| flagellum | long, tail-like projection with whiplike or propellar motion that helps a cell move |
| diffusion | net movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration |
| dynamic equilibrium | condition of continuous, random movement of particles but no overall change in concentration of materials |
| faciliated diffusion | passive transport of ions and small molecules across the plasma membrane by transport proteins |
| osmosis | diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane |
| hypotonic solution | a solution that has a lower concentration of solute outside than inside the cell, causing water to flow into the cell by osmosis (cell will swell) |
| isotonic solution | a solution with the same concentration of water and solutes as inside a cell, resulting in the cell retaining its normal shape because there is no net movement of water. |
| active transport | energy-requiring process by which substances move across the plasma membrane against a concentration gradient |
| hypertonic solution | a solution that has a higher concentration of solute outisde than inside a cell, causing water to leave the cell by osmosis (cell with shrink). |
| endocytosis | energy-requiring process by which large substances from the outside environment can enter a cell |
| exocytosis | energy-requiring process by which a cell expels wastes and secretes substances at the plasma membrane |
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