| Term | Definition |
|---|
| virulence | lessening of host reproductive success |
| optimal virulence | virulence that maximizes transmission of the parasite |
| horizontal transmission | infections that occur between individuals of the same population |
| vertical transmission | infections transmitted from one generation to the next |
| competition | may cause different levels of virulence; those that reproduce most quickly can increase virulence |
| secretion | produce something that host recognizes as foreign |
| excretion | waste |
| susceptibility | host is unable to eliminate the parasite invader |
| resistance | status of host prevents parasite establishment |
| immunity | animals possess cells that recognize and protect them against foreign invaders |
| innate immunity | non specific; doesn't depend on prior exposure to a pathogen; mechanical mechanisms |
| adaptive immunity | specific; repeated challenge elicits faster and greater response |
| allograft | species related |
| xenograft | species not related |
| antigen presenting cells | macrophages, dendritic cells, white blood cells |
| B lymphocytes | bone marrow derived |
| T lymphocytes | thymus derived |
| cytokines | important protein hormone in innate and adaptive immunity; primary immune cell communicators |
| JAK-STAT pathway | regulates cell proliferation, differentiation, and cell death |
| apoptosis | cell suicide |
| complement | serum proteins activated by the presence of a pathogen and works to destroy it |
| lysozyme | hydrolytic enzyme that destroys structural integrity of cell wall |
| tumor necrosis factor (TNF) | cytokine that is important to in inflammation and fever |
| parasiticidal | causes death of certain parasites |
| phagocytes | in vertebrates several types of cells capable of phagocytosis |
| phagocytosis | ingest and destroy |
| toll like receptors (TLR) | proteins located in cell membrane where they receive signals from the outside; activation of this will cause synthesis of a peptide against that particular microbe |
| dendritic cells | immature cells circulate in blood stream as active phagocytes |
| mast cells | when stimulated releases active substances that influence inflammation; not circulating |
| lymphocytes | important in adaptive immune response |
| natural killer cells | can kill invading cells without antibody available; lyse target cells |
| antibodies | proteins called immunoglobulins; five classes; in the surface of B cells or secreted by cells derived from B cells |
| T cell receptors | on the surface of T cells and blong to the group of immunoglobulins |
| cellular response | associated with cell surfaces only |
| humoral response | utilizes antibodies on cell surfaces and in blood and lymph |
| opsonization | coating with IgG stimulates macrophage phagocytosis |
| neutralization | IgG and IgM neutralize toxins |
| platelets | clot to form a matrix and localize parasite to kill |
| specificity | specific against one antigen |
| sensitivity | where you fall down in accuracy |
| ELISA | used to detect host antibody (exposure to pathogen) or antigen (direct infection) |
| protozoans | single celled eukaryotes |
| flagella | whiplike structure composed of axoneme (microtubules) |
| cilia | composed of kinetid, may extend in various directions from kinetosome |
| pseudopodia | fake foot, extensions of cell membrane, used in locomotion and feeding |
| binary fission | one individual divides into two |
| multiple fission | nucleus and organelles divide many times before cytokinesis |
| budding | plasmotomy; internal or external |
| gametogony | gametes join to produce diploidy |
| syngamy | whole cell gametes join; microgamete and macrogamete form zygote |
| conjugation | only nuclei unite; only occurs in ciliates |
| cyst | resting stage; protection against unfavorable conditions |
| heterotrophic | require energy from carbon molecules and nitrogen from amino acids; particle feeders; some protozoans are photosynthetic |
| glycolysis | anaerobic enzymatic conversion of glucose to lactate or pyruvate |
| citric acid cycle | convert carbohydrates, fats, proteins into carbon dioxide and water for energy |
| pentose phosphate shunt | synthesis reactions in cell; produces hydrogen peroxide for phagocytes |
| endosymbionts | organisms living within protozoa that are capable of reproducing themselves |
| heteroxenous | lives in more than one host during life cycle |
| monoxenous | parasitic in one host, arthropod |
| Trypanosoma brucei | African sleeping sickness; tsetse fly; central nervous system |
| Trypanosoma cruzi | American trypanosomiasis; Chagas' disease; central and peripheral nervous disorder and organ tissue loss |
| Leishmania | heteroxenous; sand fly and mammal host; over 23 species; invades macrophage |
| 3 factors in disease | geographical location, host immune response, leishmanial species |
| Retortamonadea | organisms lack mitochondria, golgi apparatus, possess recurrent flagellum, occupy environments that lack oxygen |
| Giardia | most common flagellate in humans; flattened dorsoventrally with adhesive disc on ventral side reinforced with microtubules; highly contagious through contaminated food and water; traveler's infection |
| Trichomonads | motility is jerky twisting motion, no cyst form only trophozoite, found in intestinal tracts, reproductive tracts of vertebrates and invertabrates |
| Trichomonas tenax | trophozoites live in mouth, transmission is direct, commensal |
| Trichomonas vaginalis | pathogenic trichomonad that lives in vagina and urethra of women and prostate, seminal vesicles, urethra of men; transmitted sexually |
| amoebas | some free living some commensals; probably evolved from flagellates as some possess both stages |
Combine with other sets
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