Chapter 11 - Functions and Division, histology of nervous tissue
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gima86 Plus on November 12, 2011
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51 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Sensory input, integration, motor output | What are the three functions of the nervous system? |
| Sensory input | The gathered information that the nervous system monitors the changes of inside and outside the body |
| Integration | A process that interprets sensory input and decides what should be done at each moment |
| Motor output | The response caused by the nervous system, by activating effector organs - the muscles and glands |
| Central Nervous System (CNS) | The part of the nervous system that consists of the brain and spinal cord, which occupy the dorsal body cavity. |
| Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) | The part of the nervous system outside the CNS. IT consists mainly of the nerves that extend from the brain and spinal cord |
| Sensory (afferent) Division | A functional subdivision of the PNS, it consists of nerve fibers that convey impulses to the central nervous system from sensory receptors located throughout the body |
| Motor (efferent) Division | A functional subdivision of the PNS transmits impulses from the CNS to the effector organs, which are the muscles and glands. |
| Somatic Nervous System (voluntary nervous system) | Composed of somatic motor nerve fibers that conduct impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscle |
| Somatic Nervous System, Autonomic Nervous System | What are the two parts of the motor division of the PNS? |
| Autonomic Nervous System (involuntary nervous system) | Consists of visceral motor nerve fibers that regulate the activity of smooth muscles, cardiac muscles, and glands. |
| sympathetic division, parasympathetic division | What are the two functional subdivisions of the ANS? |
| neuroglia (supporting cells), neurons | What are the two types of cells that make up nervous tissue |
| Neuroglia | Nervous tissue cells that provide a supportive scaffolding for neurons. |
| Astrocytes | The most abundant and versatile glial cells in the CNS. The numerous radiating processes cling to neurons and their synaptic endings, and cover nearby capillaries, supporting and bracing the neurons and anchoring them to their nutrient supply lines, the blood capillaries."Mop" up leaked potassium ions and recapturing released neuro transmitters |
| Microglia | Glial cells in the CNS. They are small oval cells with relatively long "thorny" processes. Their processes touch nearby neurons, monitoring their health, and when they sense that certain neurons are injured or in other trouble, the microglia migrate toward them. Can turn into macrophages that phagocytizes the microorganisms or neuronal debris. |
| Ependymal cells | Glial Cells of the CNS. Squamous to columnar, many are ciiated. Line the central cavities of the brain and the spinal cord, where they form a fairly permeable barrier between the cerebrospinal fluid that fills those cavities and the tissue fluid bathing hte cells of the CNS. |
| Oligodendrocytes | Glial cells of the CNS. Line up along the thicker neuron fibers in the CNS and wrap their processes tightly around the fibers, producing insulating coverings called myelin sheaths. |
| Satellite cells | Glial cells of the PNS. Surround neuron cell bodies located in the PNS. Are like the astrocytes of the CNS. |
| Schwann cells | Glial cells of the PNS. Surround and form myelin sheaths around the larger nerve fibers in the PNS. Functionally similar to oligodendrocytes. Vital to regeneration of damaged peripheral nerve fibers |
| extreme longevity, amitotic, high metabolic rate | What are the the special characteristics of nerve cells? |
| perikaryon (soma) | The neuron cell body, nucleus surrounded by cytoplasm |
| Nissl Bodies (chromatophilic substances) | The rough ER of the neuron. |
| neurofibrils | Bundles of intermediate filaments, are important in maintaining cell shape and integrity |
| nuclei | Clusters of cell bodies in the CNS |
| Ganglia | Cell bodies that lie along the nerves in the PNS |
| Tracts | Bundles of neuron processes in the CNS |
| Nerves | Bundles of neuron processes in the PNS |
| Receptive (input) regions | On dendrites. They provide an enormous surface area for receiving signals from other neurons. |
| Nerve fiber | Any long axon. Neurons only have one axon. |
| Axon Collaterals | A branch that extends from an axon at right angles |
| Terminal branches (telodedria) | The end of an axon where it branches profusely. |
| Axon Terminals (synaptic knobs, boutons) | The knoblike distal endings of the terminal branches |
| Conducting Region | Generates nerve impulses and transmits them, typically away from the cell body, along the plasma membrane |
| Axolemma | plasma membrane of an axon |
| nissl bodies, golgi apparatus | What two things do axons lack? |
| anterograde movement | Movement along an axon toward the axon terminal |
| retrograde movement | Movement along an axon away from the axon terminal |
| Myelin Sheath | a whitish, fatty covering of nerve fibers. It protects and electrically insulates fibers and increases the speed of transmission of nerve impulses |
| schwann cells | What cells form the myelin sheaths in the PNS? |
| Neurilemma | Part of the Schwann cell that includes the nucleus and most of the cytoplasm, ends up as a bulge just external to the myelin sheath |
| Nodes of Ranvier (myelin sheath gaps) | Gaps in the sheath with adjacent Schwann cells, occur at regular intervals along the myelinated axon. |
| oligodendrocytes | What cells form the myelin sheaths in the CNS? |
| White matter | Regions of the brain and spinal cord containing dense collections o f myelinated fibers |
| Gray matter | Regions of the brain that contain mostly nerve cell bodies and unmyelinated fibers |
| Multipolar Neurons | 3 or more processes, one axon and the rest dendrites. Most common neuron in humans. Major neuron type in the CNS. |
| Bipolar Neurons | Neurons that have two processes, an axon and a dendrite. They extend from opposite sides of the cell body. Rare. Found in some of the special sense organs. |
| Unipolar neurons | Neurons that have a single short process that emerges from the cell body and divides T-like into proximal and distal branches. Contain a peripheral process and a central process. |
| Sensory (Afferent) Neurons | Neurons that transmit impulses from sensory receptors in the skin or internal organs toward or into the central nervous system. |
| Motor (Efferent) Neurons | Neurons that carry impulses away from the CNS to the effector organs of the body periphery. |
| Interneurons (association neurons) | Neurons that lie between motor and sensory neurons in neural pathways and shuttle signals through CNS pathways where integration occurs |
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