Chapter 14: From DNA to Protein: Gene Expression
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Created by:
DarcyTerhark on November 12, 2011
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BIOL 2107K Principles of Biology
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80 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Archibald Garrod | Scientist who discovered the one gene to one enzyme rule. |
| One gene to one enzyme | Hypothesis that stated one gene codes for one enzyme, and that the code when mutated will affect only that enzyme. |
| Inborn error of metabolism | Gene mutation caused by hereditary mutations in alleles of a certain gene that affects metabolism of homogentisic acid. |
| Model organisms | Organisms that have a simple genetic makeup and are easy to conduct genetic experiments on. |
| True | Neurospora crassa is haploid for most of its life. (T/F) |
| Prototrophs | "original eaters" |
| Observation | Condition 1 occurs and condition 2 occurs; they are correlated. |
| Hypothesis | Condition 1 results in condition 2; 1 causes 2. |
| Mutagen | Something known to cause mutation- inherited genotypic changes |
| Auxotrophs | "increased eaters" |
| False | Gene expression does not control metabolism. (T/F) |
| One-gene one-polypeptide relationship | One gene codes for one polypeptide. |
| True | The function of a gene is to inform the production of a single, specific polypeptide. (T/F) |
| Transcription | The information in a DNA sequence is copied into a complementary RNA sequence. |
| Translation | The RNA sequence is used to create the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide. |
| Central Dogma | The process of transcription then translation. |
| Uracil | Replaces thymine in RNA sequences |
| Messenger RNA | Carries a copy of gene sequence in DNA to the site of protein synthesis at the ribosome. |
| Transfer RNA | Carries amino acids to the ribosome for assembly into polypeptides |
| Ribosomal RNA | Catalyzes peptide bond formation and provides a structural framework for the ribosome. |
| Codons | A piece of mRNA that codes for an amino acid. |
| Transcript | An mRNA copy of a gene. |
| Anticodon | The sequence that is complementary to a codon. |
| Reverse transcription | Synthesis of DNA from RNA. |
| Retroviruses | Viruses that use reverse transcription. |
| 3 components required for transcription | 1. DNA Template 2. The appropriate nucleoside triphostphates 3. RNA polymerase |
| RNA polymerase | Enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of RNA. |
| Processive | a single-enzyme template binds and polymerizes hundreds of RNA bases at once. |
| Promoter | A special sequence of DNA to which RNA polymerase binds tightly to. |
| Initiation Site | The part of a promoter where transcription begins. |
| Elongation | Transcription process in which RNA polymerase reads and unwinds DNA about 10 bases at a time. |
| Termination | Place on a DNA sequence that codes for the end of a transcription. |
| Genetic Code | Specifies which amino acids will be used to build a protein. |
| Start codon | The codon that codes for the beginning of a genetic code; is known as Methionine.(AUG) |
| Stop codons | Codons that code for the termination of transcription. THe three are UAA, UAG, and UGA. |
| Ambiguous code | Situation in which 1 codon codes for more than 1 amino acid. |
| Redundant code | Situation in which more than 1 codon codes for 1 amino acid. |
| True | All cells and organisms use the same genetic coding system. (T/F) |
| Introns | Noncoding sequences in DNA that are not expressed by RNA. |
| Exons | Sequences of DNA that are expressed in RNA |
| Nucleic acid hybridization | Process of intron location that requires denaturation of DNA, then incubated. |
| Probe | A single-stranded nucleic acid from another source, used in the incubation stage of nucleic acid hybridization |
| False | Introns interrupt and scramble DNA sequences of genes. (T/F) |
| Domains | Functional regions coded by exons. |
| Eukaryotic gene transcripts are coded before _________. | Transcription |
| G Cap | A chemically modified molecule of GTP. Facilitates binding of mRNA to the ribosome for translation. |
| Poly A Tail | Acts as a signal to cut the pre- mRNA. |
| True | Splicing of DNA is required for eukaryotic RNA formation. (T/F) |
| RNA Splicing | Process that removes introns from RNA sequences and leaves only the exons, the functional coding. |
| snRNPs | Small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles that bind to each end of an intron to splice it from the sequence |
| Consensus sequences | Short stretches of DNA that appear at the boundaries between introns ans exons. |
| Spliceosome | Complex of RNA and proteins made by ATP that cuts the intron's ends off, and fuses the two exons together. |
| 2 Duties of tRNA | 1. Must read mRNA codons correctly 2. Must deliver the amino acids that correspond to each mRNA codon. |
| 3 functions of tRNA | 1. Binds to a particular amino acid, becomes charged. 2. Associates with mRNA. 3. Interacts with ribosomes. |
| Wobble | A phenomenon in which the anticodon of a tRNA molecule does not have to be a perfect match for the codon it is binding to. |
| Ribosome | The molecular workbench where the task of translation is accomplished. |
| A (amino acid) site | Where the charged tRNA anticodon binds to the mRNA codon and lining up the correct amino acid to be added. |
| P (polypeptide) site | Where the tRNA adds its amino acid to the polypeptide chain. |
| E (exit) site | Where the tRNA, having given up its amino acid, resides before being released into the cytosol. |
| Fidelity function | Function of a ribosome that ensure that the tRNA is correctly bound to the mRNA. |
| Initiation complex | Complex that consists of a charged tRNA and a small ribosomal subunit, which are both bound to the mRNA. |
| peptidyl transferase | A chemical posessed by the ribosomal subunit. |
| True | rRNA is the catalyst. (T/F) |
| Elongation factors | Ribosomal proteins that aid in the process of elongation. |
| Protein release factor | Factor that allows hydrolysis of of the bond between the polypeptide chain and the tRNA in the P site. |
| polyribosome/polysome | An assemblage consisting of a strand of mRNA with its beadlike ribosomes and their growing polypeptide chains. |
| Signal sequence | an "address label" containing information on where the polypeptide belongs. |
| Docking protein | A receptor protein that receives a signal sequence. then directs it to the correct location. |
| Signal recognition particle | Blocks further protein synthesis until the polypeptide reaches the endoplasmic reticulum. |
| Glycoproteins | Polypeptide chains that have been to the Golgi apparatus, and have a sugar molecule bound to them. |
| Proteolysis | The cutting of a polypeptide chain. |
| Glycosylation | Addition of sugars to glycoproteins. |
| Phosphorylation | The addition of phosphate groups to proteins. |
| Protein kinases | Enzymes that catalyze phosphorylation. |
| True | When the tRNA travels to the ribosome, it carries an amino acid with it. (T/F) |
| False | mRNA in eukaryotes is directly copied from DNA. (T/F) |
| Ribosome | In eukaryotes, the introns must be spliced out of the pre-mRNA before proceeding to the ________. |
| E (exit) site | tRNA exits the ribosome through the ______. |
| Catalyzes | rRNA _________ the reaction that binds amino acids to the polypeptide chain. |
| Signal Sequence | The polypeptide chain, after being released from the ribosome, is directed to a new location by the __________ _______________. |
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