Ch. 14&15 Origin of Life and Evolution
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Created by:
katieeeex94 on March 10, 2009
Subjects:
biology, Ms. Treado, Honors Biology, 321
Description:
"Modern Biology" Chapters 14&15 names, terms, and vocab words.
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61 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 principle of biogenesis | states that all living things come from other living things |
| spontaneous generation | the theory that living things could arise from nonliving things |
| Redi | Italian scientist realized that maggots only appeared when adult flies had previously landed there |
| Spallanzani | Tested spontaneous generation of microorganisms. Boiled broth, sealed one, not the other. Others claimed boiling destroyed vital force. |
| Pasteur | Made curve-necked flask, preventing microorganisms from entering but allowing air in. Remained clear until neck broken off. |
| Earth's Age | 4 billion years |
| radioactive dating | measuring the amount of a particular radioactive isotope it contains. This is compared to some other substance in the fossil that remains constant. |
| isotope | atoms of the same element that differ in the number of neutrons |
| mass number | total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus |
| radioactive decay | nuclei releases particles or radiant energy |
| half-life | length of time it takes for one-half of any size sample of an isotope to decay |
| Oparin | Atmosphere contained ammonia, NH3, hydrogen gas, H2, water vapor, and compounds made from hydro. and carbon. Water vapor condensed forming seas etc; organic molecules collected in water, complex chemical reactions. resulting in macromolecules. |
| Miller and Urey | Used Oparin's hypothesis to make exper. Chamber containing the gases, electric sparks sub-ed for lightning. Created a variety of amino acids. |
| Beyond Earth Organic Compounds | Organic Compounds carried by space debris |
| microspheres | spherical in shape and are composed of many protein molecules that are organized as a membrane |
| coacervates | collections of droplets composed of various organic molecules |
| Sidney Fox | extensive research on the physical structures that may have given rise to the first cells |
| Cech | found that a type of RNA found in some unicellular eukaryotes is able to act as an enzyme |
| archaebacteria | bacteria that live under extreme conditions |
| chemosynthesis | CO2 serves as a carbon source for the assembly of organic molecules. |
| cyanobacteria | a group of synthetic unicellular prokaryotes |
| ozone | toxic to organisms. Absorbs ultraviolet radiation, which damages DNA. |
| Lynn Margulis | proposed the concept of endosymbiosis |
| endosymbiosis | small prokaryote entered a large prokaryote, giving rise to mitochondria and chloroplasts |
| fossil | trace of a long-dead organism |
| sediment | dust, sand, or mud is deposited by wind or water |
| mold | imprint in rock the shape of an organism |
| cast | molds become filled with hard minerals, forming a cast |
| amber | fossilized sap of trees |
| 3 types of fossils | mold, cast, and amber |
| law of superposition | successive layers of rock or soil were deposited on top of each other by wind or water |
| stratum | layer. the lowest is the oldest |
| relative age | a given fossil is younger or older than another fossil |
| absolute age | age in years, determined by amount of sediment. |
| extinct | species of organism disappears |
| mass extinctions | brief periods during which large numbers of species disappeared, probably due to drastic changes in environment |
| biogeography | the study of the geographic distribution of fossils and of living organisms "new organisms arise in areas where similar forms already lived" |
| Lamarck | similar species descended from a common ancestor |
| acquired trait | one that is not determined by genes. arises during a lifetime and is not passed down |
| natural selection | organisms best suited to their environment reproduce better |
| population | interbreeding single-species group |
| Origin of Species | Darwin's book |
| Wallace | same hypothesis as Darwin at same time but Darwin's was published |
| H.M.S. Beagle | chartered for a five-year mapping and collecting expedition to S. America and the S. Pacific |
| uniformitarianism | the geological structure of Earth resulted from cycles of processes, these processes operate continuously |
| finches | each species has a distinctive bill that is specialized for a certain food source. all 13 species descended from the same birds |
| descent with modification | newer forms appearing in the fossil record are actually the modified descendants of older species. |
| modification by natural selection | how evolution occurs |
| Malthus | populations have the potential of doubling and redoubling their numbers |
| adapt | change because of environmental conditions as their proportion of genes for favorable traits increases |
| fitness | single organism's genetic contribution to the next generation (offspring) |
| homologous features | similar features that originated in a shared ancestor |
| analogous features | serve identical functions and look somewhat alike. no anatomical or embryological similarity |
| vestigial features | features that were useful to an ancestor, but not to the modern organism (ie: tailbone, appendix) |
| similarities in embryology | look and develop somewhat similarly in the early stages of development |
| similarities in macromolecules | the amino acid sequences in an organism's hemoglobin molecules differs showing how closely related they are |
| coevolution | the change in two or more species in close association with each other |
| convergent evolution | environment selects similar phenotypes even though the ancestral types were very different |
| divergent evolution | two or more related populations or species become more and more dissimilar |
| adaptive radiation | many related species evolve from a single ancestral species |
| artificial selection | ex: breeding dogs for specific traits, therefore creating new breeds |
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