Speech science test 3
Order by
63 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Inhalation | Diaphram contracts (moves down) Ribe cage expands as rib muscles contract |
| To inhale | Lungs expand, volume of lungs gets larger, pressure drops, air will flow into lungs. Unequal pressure will equalize |
| respitory cycle | resting breathing speech In: ~40% ~10% Ex: ~ 60% ~90% |
| Exhalation | Diaprham relaxes (Moves up) Rib cage gets smaller as rib muscles relax. To Exhale: Reduce volumes, squeeze air particles, raise pressure, and exhale |
| Automaticity | Resting breathing is automatic; speech breathing involves active control over the process. The breathing just happens but adjustments are not automatic |
| Secondary muscles of inhalation | Added to the primary muscles in speech breathing (futher expand the ribcage) -Pectoralis Major -Pectoralis Minor -costal Levators -Serratus anterior -serratus posterior superior -Latissimus dorsi -scalenus muscle group |
| Volume | Larger volume inhalation in speech that rest to accommodate energy for length/loudness of utterance. |
| Airways | enter through nose/mouth to pharyx to larynx |
| larynx | the voice box, located in the top part of the trachea, underneath the epiglottis (cartiloginous structure), a cartilaginous structure at the top of the trachea |
| Trachea | membranous tube with cartilaginous rings that conveys inhaled air from the larynx to the bronchi, carries air between larynx and bronchi |
| bronchi | two short branches located at the lower end of the trachea that carry air into the lungs. |
| Bronchioles | progressively smaller tubular branches of the airways, the smallest tubes of the bronchus. Coming from the bronchi that contain clusters of alveoli at each end. |
| Alveoli | thin-walled microscopic air sacs in the lungs where the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place Air coming in rich in fresh O2 Air going out CO2 (waste air) |
| Lungs | Have NO musculature! two spongy organs, located in the thoracic cavity enclosed by the diaphragm and rib cage, responsible for respiration |
| How do Lungs change volume? | lungs resting on diaphram -> raise and lower diaphram -> can change lunge volume vertically AND Can make ribcage larger or smaller -> change lung volumes -> front to back side to side |
| Pleural linkage | mechanism by which lungs "linked" to thoracic wall - allows movements of rib cage to be transmitted to lungs so that lungs can increase and decrease volume without friction |
| Costal pleura | -Ribcage lining - Covers the internal surface of the ribs and sternum - Endothoracic fascia - It goes anterior to posterior |
| phrenic nerve | one of a pair of nerves that arises from cervical spinal roots and passes down the thorax to innervate the diaphragm and control breathing |
| External intercostals | elevates rib cage for inhaling (expand the rib cage, inhalation muscles) |
| internal Intercostals | Draws the ribs together and depresses rib cage ( exhalation) |
| interosseous intercostals | pertaining to being situated between bones, as in muscles, ligaments, or vessels. Reduce the volume of the ribcage (exhalation) |
| interchondral intercostals | between cartilages, used to refer to parts of intercostal muscles running between cartilage parts of ribs (expand ribcage) inhalation |
| Resting inhale | 1. contract diaphram 2. contract external intercostal 3. contract internal intercondral intercostal |
| resting inhale cont..Pressure will equalize | relaxation pressure take over: 1.elasticity-(coupled lungs+ribcage) Bounce back to natural shape 2.Gravity-Lung ribcage, pulls ribcage to rest, aids in lowering 3.torque- untwisting of cartilige(nex to sternum) >>> reduce thorasic volume which reduces lung volume and causes increase in pressure> causes exhale |
| resting exhale | Decrease in volume increase in pressure Bring system to REL=~ 40% vital capacity need to inhale again signaled by the medulla |
| Primary muscles for inhalation | Diaphram External intercostal interchondral internal intercostal |
| Vital capacity | the maximum amount of air that can be exhaled after a maximum inhalation (usually tested with a spirometer) 100%volume= 7liters BUT VC is 5 liters of air for max inhaltation and exhalation |
| 2 extra liters? | residual volume; need at least 2 liters of air in lungs at same time or lungs will collapse |
| Relaxation Volume | 40% VC=Resting Expiratory Level (REL) Lungs want to be at 40% of vital capacity |
| Tidal breathing | normal, resting breathing. Amount of air exchanged is 1/10 of what is capable.(approx 5L) |
| Expiratory reserve | the volume of air that can be expired beyond the normal tidal volume by a maximum expiratory effort (1100ml) |
| Inspiratory Reserve | Air that can be forced in over tidal volume normall 2-3 liters |
| speech breathing | Typically take a larger breath than resting breathing -expand volume more -more air comes in to equalize pressure -relaxation forces stronger |
| speech breathing cont. | 1. inhale for speech-> primary and secondary muscles of inhalation 2. exhale for speech->SLOW DOWN EXHALE control relaxation pressure to exhale quickly "checking action" as lowering use lifting muscles contract inhalation muscles during exhalation 3.exhalation muscles-> push system below 40% VC Speech breathing 10:90 Resting breathing 40:60 |
| Checking action | use of inhalation muscles during exhalation. After inhalation is complete, use inhalation muscles to counter(check) strong exhalation muscles |
| relaxation pressure curve | what happens when you inhale or exhale to a certain value of VC and allow relaxation forces to act. >40% VC, you will exhale <40% VC you will inhale The larger the inhale, the more the muscles have to counter. Muscles have to constantly be adjusting. The further you are from 40% the relaxation pressure gets stronger |
| Larynx | -Situated on top of the trachea -suspended from the hyoid bone |
| Supraglottal system | above the vocal folds, and larynx, sounds created above the glottis in the nasal, oral, and pharyngeal cavities |
| Laryngeal system | prevents foreign material from entering lungs Laryngeal closure allows for vibration of vocal folds responsible for respiration and speech production; primary job of vocal cords is to block airway while we eat, 2nd is speech production (valve and vibrator); hyoid bone, mandible, thoracic skeleton |
| Lower airway | Lower airway begins with trachea (Trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli) *FUNCTION: Oxygen & carbon dioxide exchange (occurs in alveoli) |
| epiglottis | a flap of tissue that seals off the windpipe and prevents food from entering |
| vocal folds | -Located in the larynx, originating from the thyroid and attaching to the arytenoids. Covered by mucous membrane. -Attach to the vocal process of the arytenoids posteriouly and to the thyroid cartilage anteriorly at the thyroid notch. forming a V shape 2 arytenoids at the back. |
| Cricoid | ring shaped cartilage formed at the top of the trachea. Large lamina (plate in the back) narrow front and sides |
| vocal ligaments | Description/Location: Paired ligaments which originate at the thyroid cartilage(at front) below the thyroid notch and insert into the vocal process(anterior part) of the arytenoid cartilages. -The intermost part of the fold Function: 1. They give shape to the inside edge of the vocal folds 2. They can stretch up to 50% of their original length when acted upon by outside forces. INTERMOST PART OF THE VOCAL FOLDS |
| Arytenoid cartilages | Two small, pyramid shaped cartilages. Vocal folds are attached. Connected to cricoid through cricoarytenoid joint which permits circular and sliding movement. |
| thyroid cartilages | largest (adams apple) Looks like a shield (Thyros) greek for shield anterior to the arytenoids articulate with cricoid bone |
| Musculature and VF positions ABDUCTION | -Resting position(in resting position vocal folds are open) |
| Posterior cricoarytenoid muscle PCA | An abductor muscle. Arises form the back wall of cricoid cartilage. Inserts into muscular processes of the arytenoid cartilages. They are the major muscles responsible for rocking and gliding the arytenoids apart. They are the major muscles that abduct(pull apart) the vocal folds. THE ONLY MUSCLE THAT OPENS VF'S |
| Adduction | -vocal folds must be brought together to initiate voicing. -whenever use voiced sounds use INT BUT when producing VCD speech sounds but NO vocal tract sounds all ADD LCA |
| Interarytenoid muscles INT(all voiced sounds) | -Closes vocal folds , Description/Location: 1. Attached between the arytenoid cartilages. 2. Comprising the transverse (attached at the base) and oblique (from tip to base) interarytenoids. Function: Aid in adduction by causing the arytenoid cartilages to slide together. |
| USE INT ONLY | VCD consonants, stops, frics, affrics 2 things : -vocal folds closed to vibrate creating alot of air pressure - doesn't close folds as tighlty for VCD consonants as for VCD sounds with out vocal tract source |
| Lateral cricoarytenoid muscles LCA | Used for voiced sounds without a vocal tract source: Vowels, dipthongs, semivowels(glides,liquids), nasals |
| Myoelastic Aerodynamic Theory of Phonation | MYO-Muscles ELASTIC- elasticity of folds AERODYNAMIC-airflow and air pressure 1.muscles close folds "adduct" "ready them for vibration(phonation)" causing as increase in air pressure 2. pressure will eventually blow VF's apart "abduct" 3.Vocal folds are sucked back together again by the negative pressure. I.e Bernoulli effect; high velocity air flow through a narrow region resulting in drop in pressure. The negative pressure is a vacuum. CYCLE REPEATS |
| Positive sub-glotal pressure | Closing folds-> get build up of air pressure beneath folds |
| Vocalis muscles | the vibrating parts of the vocal folds also known as the thyroarytenoid mucles |
| thoracic wall | Thoracic vertebrae, ribs, costal cartilages, sternum and associated muscles Thoracic cavity: space enclosed by thoracic wall and diaphragm. Diaphragm separates thoracic cavity from abdominal cavity, surrounds cavity protects contents participates in breating |
| medulla oblongata | the lobes that coordinate vital functions, such as those of the circulatory and respiratory systems, and transport signals from the brain to the spinal cord |
| costal pleura | -covers internal surfaces of the thoracic wall (sternum, ribs, costal cartilages, intercostal muscles and membranes, sides of vertebrae) -separated from wall by endothoracic fascia |
| Pulmonary pleura | This is the name for organ that covers the lung. It is primarily epithelial tissue and secretes a serous fluid that lubricates, reduces heat build-up, and creates surface tension that helps us breathe. |
| relaxation pressure curve | Restoring forces during expiration: "the greater you distend or distort chest wall the greater is the force required to hold it in that position and the greater is the force with which it returns to rest. No musculature involved |
| vertical phase difference | The slight time lag between the opening and closing of the inferior and superior portions of the vocal folds, creates wave like motion |
| Superior laryngeal nerve | nerve supply to the cricothyroid muscle |
| recurrent laryngeal nerve | Innervation of all intrinsic laryngeal muscles except the cricothyroid |
First Time Here?
Welcome to Quizlet, a fun, free place to study. Try these flashcards, find others to study, or make your own.