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48 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 cladogram | a diagram used in cladistics which shows ancestral relations between organisms, to represent the evolutionary tree of life. |
| monophyletic | Pertaining to a group that consists of multiple distantly related organisms, and does not include the common ancestor of the group. (Contrast with monophyletic, paraphyletic.) |
| paraphyletic | Pertaining to a group that consists of an ancestor and some, but not all, of its descendants. (Contrast with monophyletic, polyphyletic.) |
| polyphyletic | Pertaining to a group that consists of multiple distantly related organisms, and does not include the common ancestor of the group. (Contrast with monophyletic, paraphyletic.) |
| plesiomorphic | is a characteristic that is present at the base of a tree (cladogram). |
| A scientific species name: | consists of both the genus and species names. |
| Which of the following lists the selected taxonomic categories in proper hierarchical order (from most inclusive to least inclusive)? | Phylum; Class; Family; Genus |
| The "father of taxonomy," __________, believed that the __________ was the special taxonomic ranking; today we emphasize __________. | Linnaeus; genus; species |
| synapmorphy | A trait that arose in the ancestor of a phylogenetic group and is present (sometimes in modified form) in all of its members, thus helping to delimit and identify that group. Also called a shared derived trait. |
| taxon | arrange, put in order] A biological group (typically a species or a clade) that is given a name. |
| Phylogeography | uses the genealogies of groups to understand processes of distribution. |
| From a cladistic point of view, groups are formed by ______________, while from a phenetics perspective, groups are formed by _______________. | special similarity; overall similarity |
| Sequencing DNA from different organisms has been a breakthrough for phylogenetics because: | we now have a method to determine the relatedness of organisms that leave no fossils. |
| holotype | When describing a new species, the systematist designates a single specimen as the official representation of the new species. |
| The first published formal system of systematic classification was called: | Systema naturae. |
| a lion's paw and a chimp's hand | represents homology |
| Which of the following statements is NOT correct about wings? | The most recent common ancestor of bats and insects had wings. |
| Convergent evolution: | results in homoplastic features. |
| Cladistic analysis is different from other taxonomic schemes because: | it relies only upon evolutionary relationships to determine categories. |
| Which of the following taxonomic groups does NOT include the phylum Echinodermata? | Ecdysozoa |
| In phylogenetic analysis, which of the following can be considered a binary character? | the presence or absence of scales |
| The disproportionate number of named species on earth are: | in the domain Eukarya. |
| Whose work is credited with providing the foundation for the development of systematics? | Carolus Linnaeus |
| Phylogenies: | must be created using intrinsic characters. ; The evolutionary history of a particular group of organisms or their genes. |
| clade | A monophyletic group made up of an ancestor and all of its descendants. |
| autapomorphy | a distinctive anatomical feature, known as a derived trait, that is unique to a given terminal group. |
| From a strict phylogenetic standpoint, at which hierarchical level should "birds" be placed? | order |
| Cladistic analysis is different from other taxonomic schemes because: | it relies only upon evolutionary relationships to determine categories. |
| In which of the following examples, are the pairs of traits homologous structures? | lobed-fins of lungfish; limbs of amphibians |
| anagenesis | An evolutionary change within an unbranched lineage; "phyletic change," is the evolution of species involving an entire population rather than a branching event, as in cladogenesis. |
| cladogenesis | evolutionary splitting event in a species in which each branch and its smaller branches forms a "clade", an evolutionary mechanism and a process of adaptive evolution that leads to the development of a greater variety of sister species. |
| Which of the following is the sister taxon to birds? | dinosaurs |
| The only taxonomic group with standardized endings in zoological nomenclature is the: | family. |
| In a cladogram, an internal node represents: | a hypothetical ancestor. |
| The total number of character state changes found in a phylogenetic tree is called: | tree length |
| Which of the following groups would be placed nearest the fungi in a phylogenetic tree based on DNA sequences? | animals |
| All living organisms have evolved from a single common ancestor. The existence of which molecule lends the greatest support to this statement? | ribosomal RNA |
| When the phylogenetic relationship between three or more lineages is not clear, it is often represented in a tree by a: | polytomy. |
| polytomy | many temporal based branches, is a section of a phylogeny in which the evolutionary relationships can not be fully resolved to dichotomies. |
| paraphyly | the group consists of all the descendants of a hypothetical closest common ancestor minus one or more monophyletic groups of descendants (typically one such group). |
| homoplasy | A homoplasy is a character shared by a set of species but not present in their common ancestor. |
| Phylogeny: | is the evolutionary history of a specific organismal group. |
| According to animal classification nomenclature, which of the following suffixes is used to represent taxonomic families? | -idae |
| Which of the following statements is NOT correct about wings? | Bat wings are homologous to bird wings.; Which of the following are pairs of homologous features? bear paw and bat wing |
| Which of the following changes in a data set would cause the largest increase in the number of possible tree topologies? | increasing the number of taxa |
| "Establishing a phylogeny for bacteria is more difficult than establishing a phylogeny for plants or animals." This statement is | correct because bacteria can engage in lateral gene transfer. |
| The basic unit of systematics is the: | taxon. |
| All of the living organisms that we can see with the naked eye are: | in the domain of Eukarya |
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