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Age of Enlightenment 2nd Reniassance social change, progress natural laws will solve every problem (isaac newton) *critical of France Montaigne father of skepticism not always a natural law to fix everything David Hume -agreed with montaigne, skeptic sensory perception-"the mind is a bundle of impressions" -critic of enlightenment John Locke 1. Essay on Human Understanding -man born w/ tablarusa (blank slate) -learn from enviornment 2. A Treatise on Govt. -informal contract between leader & governed ppl -ppl have right to rebel when life, liberty, or property is threatened Example of Locke's theory Great Britain -English Bill of Rights Glorious Revolution Thomas Hobbs Leviathan-sea monster that was all powerful -ppl are selfish, mean and fickle -changed mind in a minute ex: King then Lord protector then king again -ppl needed absolute monarch who only gave them law and order Bodin Divine Right of Kings-monarchs represent God on earth, only answer to God -ex: James I (Eng.), Louis XIV (France), Philip II (Spain) Rousseau Social contract-fromal contract between ruler & ppl., actual obligations -rebellion if necessary *considered 1st feminist -supported breast-feeding, mother-child bond *created educational system for poland, kept nationalism there -critic of enlightenment -said man should live simplistically, turn back to nature General Will by Rousseau -everybody had right to vote, outcome is the general will problem: no protection for minority rights & dictators would claim they were using general will when abusing power -thought republic best form of govt. for general will but never worked so const. monarchy instead Montesquieu -wrote Spirit of the Laws*(most influential.gov't bk) -claimed the idea of the balance of gov'tal powers between executive and legislature branches -French aristocrat English Government -best because of checks and balances 1. magna carta 2. bill of rights 3. parliament controlled money factors of type of govt. 1. wealth 2. climate 3. population 4. terrain -no one govt would fit all of europe Beccaria Essays on Crime and Punishment- totally against death penalty -longevity of prison terms worked and education should be offered for prisonsers -criticized france for torture to gain confession Emile by Rousseau -against classical education -student learn what interested them & at own pace -1 student w/ 1 teacher until graduated problem: student would be dependant on teacher Mary Wollstonecraft A Vindication of the Rights of Women -said country would never be a worl power until they gave women same rights as men -leading feminist during French Revolution Voltaire -led the charge for constitutional limitation of monarchic power -French Physiocrats -believed mercantilism was wrong -believed wealth was based on land not bullion Adam Smith wrote: A Wealth of Nations -Father of Free Enterprise - promoted capitalism -wealth should be based on a system of supply and demand - Emmanuel Kant wrote: the critique of Pure Reason -natural laws could not define everything -some decisions based on intuition wrote:What is the Enlightenment? Dare to know, use your own intelligence Diderot -editor for Encyclopedia, kept ideas of enlightenment alive -put essays on social reform in Encyclopedia philosophes -Group of intellectuals of the 18th century Enlightenment -Committed to the cause of reform