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Cell Common structure that makes up all living things Cell Theory 1) All living things are composed of cells 2) Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in all living things 3) New cells are produced from existing cells Plant Cells Cell wall Chloroplasts Large vacuole Animal Cells Lack of cell walls Centrioles Small vacuoles Prokaryotes All bacteria Cytoplasm and cell membrane No nucleus Small and simple Have all characteristics of living things... still living Grow, reproduce, and respond to environment Unicellular Eukaryotes Organelles: certain specialized structures Important cell functions Nucleus Unicellular or multicellular Plants, animals, fungi Organelles ... Cell Wall Only plant cells Rigid, strong, stiff Protection Made up of cellulose Allows thing to pass in and out: H2O, O, O2, CO2 Cell Membrane Plant and animal Selectively permeable- allows only certain things to pass through Support, protection Controls in/out movement Barrier Homeostasis Nucleus Plant and animal cells Control cell activities DNA- stores genetic information "brain of the cell" Chromatin DNA bound to protein Condense when cell divides to form chromosomes chromosomes contain genetic information that is passed from one cell generation to another Nucleolus beginning of ribosomes assembly (protein production within the cell) Nuclear Envelope Double layered membrane surrounded the nucleus Nuclear pores: in/out movement Cytoskeleton Protein filaments Microtubules- tracks for organelles movement, cell division, cilia, flagella Maintain shape of the cell Cell movement Ribosomes Plants and animals cells Produce proteins based on coded information from the nucleus Endoplasmic Reticulum Plant and animal cells Carries material through cell Rough ER Chemical modification of proteins (from nucleus) Ribosomes on it for protein Smooth ER specialized tasks Lysosomes Common in animal cells but not in plant cells Break down larger food molecules into smaller ones Digest old cells parts and prevent build up of debris in the cell Waste, dirt, stuff not needed Vacuoles Very large in plant cells, small in animal Store food, ester, and waste Fluid filled sacs Chloroplasts Plant cell ONLY Usually contain chlorophyll (green color) Use energy from sun to make food for the plant (photosynthesis) Mitochondria Both plants and animals cells Break down sugar into energy which is then released Energy for growth, development, and movement cell transport How different substances get into and out of cells Importance of the cell membrane Provide support and protection for cell Regulate what enters and/or exit a cell and the speed at which this occurs Cells take in food and water Eliminate wastes Cell Membrane structure Lipid Bilayer- tough, flexible structure Protein embedded in membrane- assist in transport of substances, as well as, other function Carbohydrate Chain- on outside of membrane- identification of cell- allow individual cells to identify one another Passive Transport Does not require energy Moves with the concentration gradient Happens as a result of simple molecular motion Small and uncharged molecules: water, oxygen, and carbon dioxide High to low concentration Active transport Requires energy Moves against concentration gradient Large or charge molecules such as calcium or potassium Diffusion the tendency of molecules to move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration Simple diffusion Molecules are in constant motion When the concentration of a solute is same through a system, it has reach an equilibrium. Does NOT require energy Facilitated diffusion Larger molecules (glucose or proteins) and charged particles (Na+ or Cl-) need to be facilitated across the membrane carrier or channel proteins. Still does not require energy as substances are flowing from areas of high to low concentration Osmosis The flow of water across a membrane from area of high water concentration to area of low water concentration Motion of water often depends on solute concentration and solute movement Water balance in animal cells (survival depends on..) the ability of a cell to balance water uptake and loss Isotonic equal concentration of solute inside and outside cell hypertonic more solute outside the cell Hypotonic less solute outside of the cell Active transport movement of substances against their concentration gradients (low to high concentration Require energy in the form of ATP Often require assistance by membrane proteins Active pumping A membrane protein changes shape which allows the protein to transport a solute across the membrane such as calcium, potassium, and sodium ions Endocytosis (coming in) Phagocytosis engulfment of particles. Extensions of cytoplasm surround the particle and form a vacuole in the cell; "cell eating"; creates vacuoles Ex: Amoeba or white blood cells Pinocytosis engulfment of liquid; same as phagocytosis, but with liquids; "cell drinking" Exocytosis (spitting out)- Opposite of endocytosis; Excretion of materials; Vacuoles fuses with cell membrane and forces the contents out of the cell; Going out