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Database a self-describing collection of integrated records Byte a character of data Columns Bytes are grouped into ______. (aka fields) Fields Bytes are grouped into ______. (aka columns) Rows Columns or fields are grouped into _____. (aka records) Records Columns or fields are grouped into _____. (aka rows) Table A group of similar records or rows (aka file) File A group of similar records or rows (aka table) Access A popular personal and small workgroup DBMS product from Microsoft Database Application A collection of forms, reports, queries, and application programs that process a database Database Application System Applications, having the standard five components, that make database data more accessible and useful. Users employ a database application that consists of forms, formatted reports, queries, and application programs. Each of these, in turn, calls on the database management system (DBMS) to process the database tables Database Management System A program used to create, process, and administer a database. DB2 A popular, enterprise-class DBMS product from IBM Enterprise DBMS A product that processes large organizational workgroup databases. These products support many users, perhaps thousands, and many different database applications. Such DBMS products support 24/7 operations and can manage databases that span dozens of different magnetic disks with hundreds of gigabytes or more of data. IBM's DB2, Microsoft's SQL Server, and Oracle's Oracle are examples of enterprise DBMS products Foreign Key A column or group of columns used to represent relationships. Values of the foreign key match values of the primary key in a different table Form Data entry forms are used to read, insert, modify, and delete database data Key (1) A column or group of columns that identifies a unique row in a table. (2) A number used to encrypt data. The encryption algorithm applies the key to the original message to produce the coded message. Decoding a message is similar; a key is applied to the coded message to recover the original text Lost-update Problem An issue in multi-user database processing un which two or more users try to make the changes because it was not designed to process changes from multiple users Metadata Data that describes data Multiuser Processing When multiple users process the database at the same time mySQL A popular open-source DBMS product that is license-free for most applications Object-relational Database A type of database that stores both OOP objects and relational data. Rarely used in commercial applications Oracle A popular, enterprise-class DBMS product from Oracle Corporation Personal DBMS DBMS products designed for smaller, simpler database applications. Such products are used for personal or small workgroup applications that involve fewer than 15. Today, Microsoft Access is the only prominent personal DBMS Query A request for data from a database Relation The more formal name for a database table Relational Database Database that carries its data in the form of tables and that represents relationships using foreign keys Report A presentation of data in a structured, meaningful context SQL Server A popular enterprise-class DBMS product from Microsoft Structured Query Language (SQL) An international standard language for processing database data Business process reengineering The activity of altering and designing business processes to take advantage of new information systems Customer life cycle Taken as a whole, the processes of marketing, customer acquisition, relationship management, and loss/churn that must be managed by CRM systems Customer relationship management (CRM) The set of business processes for attracting, selling, managing, and supporting customers Departmental information system Workgroup information systems that support a particular department Enterprise application integration (EAI) Applications that support cross-functional business processes by integrating existing functional applications. Unlike CRM or ERP, the organization need not replace existing application; instead layers of software Enterprise information system An information system that supports strategic decision making Enterprise resource planning (ERP) An information system based on ERP technology Functional information system Workgroup information systems that support a particular business function Information silo A condition that exists when data are isolated in separated information systems Inherent processes The procedures that must be followed to effectively use licensed software. For example, the processes inherent in MRP systems assume that certain users will take specified actions in a particular order. In most cases, the organization must conform to the processes inherent in the software Interenterprise information system Information system that is shared by two or more independent organizations Island of automation The structure that results when functional applications work independently in isolation from one another. Usually problematic because data are duplicated, integration is difficult and results can be inconsistent Personal information system Information systems used by a single individual Self-efficacy A person's belief that he or she can be successful at his or her job Workgroup information system An information system that is shared by a group of people for a particular purpose AdSense A web 2.0 product from Google. Google searches an organization's Web site and inserts ads that match content on that site; when users click those ads, Google pays the organization a fee AdWords Programs installed on the user's computer without the user's knowledge or permission that reside in the background and, unknown to the user, observe the user's actions and keystrokes, modify computer activity, and report the user's activities to sponsoring organizations. Most adware is benign in that it does not perform malicious acts or steal data. It does, however, watch user activity and pop-up ads. Auctions Applications that match buyers and sellers by using an e-commerce version of a standard, competitive-bidding auction process Business-to-business e-commerce E-commerce sales between companies Business-to-consumer e-commerce E-commerce sales between a supplier and a retail customer Business-to-government e-commerce E-commerce sales between companies and governmental organizations Capital The investment of resources with the expectation of future returns in the marketplace Channel conflict In e-commerce, a conflict that may result between a manufacturer that wants to sell products directly to consumers and retailers in the existing sales channels Clearinghouses Entity that provides goods and services at a stated price, prices and arranges for the delivery of the goods, but never takes title to the goods Crowdsourcing The process by which organizations use Web 2.0 technologies such as user-generated content to involve their users in the design and marketing of their products Disintermediation Elimination of one or more middle layers in the supply chain E-commerce The buying and the selling of goods and services over public and private computer networks Electronic exchange Sites that facilitate the matching of buyers and sellers; the business process is similar to that of a stock exchange Enterprise 2.0 The application of Web 2.0 technologies, collaboration systems, social networking, and related technologies to facilitate the cooperative work in organizations Folksonomy Content structure that has emerged from the processing of many user tags Human capital The investment in human knowledge and skills with the expectation of future returns in the marketplace Interorganizational IS Information systems used between or among organizations that are independently owned and managed Mashup The combination of output from two or more Web sites into a single user experience Merchant Companies In e-commerce, companies that take title to the goods they sell. They buy goods and resell them My Maps A web 2.0 product that provides tools with which users can make custom modifications to maps provided by Google; My Maps is an example of a mash up Nonmerchant companies E-commerce companies that arrange for the purchase and sale of goods without ever owning or taking title to those goods Price conflict In e-commerce, a conflict that may result when manufacturers offer products at prices lower than those available through existing sales channels Price elasticity A measure of the sensitivity in demand to changes in price. It is the ratio of the percentage change in quantity divided by the percentage change in price Service-oriented architecture (SOA) Processing philosophy that advocates that computing systems use a standard method to declare the services they provide and the interface by which those services can be requested and used. Web services are implementation of SOA SLATES An acronym for Enterprise 2.0 that refers to Search, Links, Authoring, Tags, Extensions, and Signals. Social capital The investment in social relations with expectation of future returns in the marketplace Social CRM CRM that includes social networking elements and gives the customer much more power and control in the customer-vendor relationship Social network Connections of people with similar interests. Today, social networks typically are supported by Web 2.0 technology Social Networking Any activity that an entity like an individual, project, or organization takes with the entities to which it is related Software as a service (SAAS) Business model whereby companies provide services based on their software, rather than providing software as a product. Software as a service is an example of Web 2.0 User-generated content (UGC) In web 2.0, data and information that is provided by users Value of social capital Value of social networking, which is determined by the number of relationships in a social network, by the strengths of those relationships, and by the resources controlled by those related Viral marketing A marketing method used in Web 2.0 world in which users spread news about products and services to one another Web 2.0 Generally, a loose cloud of capabilities, technologies, business models, and philosophies that characterize the new and emerging business uses of the internet Web Storefront In e-commerce, a web-based application that enables customers to enter and manage their orders Business intelligence (BI) Information that results from the processing of operational data to create information that exposes patterns, relationships, and trends of importance to the organization Business intelligence system A system that provides the right information, to the right user, at the right time Clickstream data E-commerce data that describes a customer's clicking behavior. Such data includes everything the customer does at the Web site Cluster analysis An unsupervised data mining technique whereby statistical techniques are used to identify groups of entities that have similar characteristics Curse of dimensionality The more attributes there are, the easier it is to build a data model that fits the sample data but that is worthless as a predictor Data aggregator A company that obtains data from public and private sources and stores, combines,and processes it in sophisticated ways to produce information that is sold to customers Data mart Facilities that prepare, store, and manage data for reporting and data mining for specific business functions Data mining The application of statistical techniques to find patterns and relationships among data and to classify and predict Data mining system A system that processes data using sophisticated statistical techniques, such as regression analysis and decision-tree analysis, to find patterns and relationships that cannot be found by simpler operations, such as sorting, grouping, and averaging Data warehouse Facilities that prepare, store, and manage data specifically for reporting and data mining Dirty data Problematic data. Examples are a value of B for customer gender and a value of 213 for customer gender. Exabyte 10^18 bytes Expert systems Knowledge-sharing system that is created by interviewing experts in a given business domain and codifying the rules used by those experts Granularity The level of detail in data Knowledge management system An information system for storing and retrieving organizational knowledge, whether that knowledge is in the form of data, documents or employee know-how Market-based analysis A data mining technique for determining sales patterns Neural network A popular supervised data mining technique used to predict values and make classifications, such as "good prospect" or "poor prospect" OLAP A dynamic type of reporting system that provides the ability to sum, count, average, and perform other simple arithmetic operations on groups of data. Such reports are dynamic because users can change the format of the reports while viewing them Petabyte 10^15 bytes Regression analysis A type of supervised mining data that estimates the values of parameters in a linear equation. Used to determine the relative influence of variables on an outcome and also to predict future values of that outcome Reporting systems A system that creates information from disparate data sources and delivers that information to the proper user on a timely basis Supervised data mining A form of data mining in which data miners develop a model prior to the analysis and apply statistical techniques to data to estimate values of the parameters of a model Unsupervised data mining A from of data mining whereby the analysts do not create a model or hypothesis before running the analysis. Instead, they apply the data mining technique to the data and observe the results. With this method, analysts create hypotheses after the analysis to explain the patterns found Attribute (1) Variable that provides properties for an HTML tag. Each attribute has a standard name. For example, the attribute for a hyperlink is href, and its value indicates which web page is to be displayed when the user clicks the link. (2) Characteristics of an entity Crow's foot A line on an entity-relationship diagram that indicates a 1:N relationship between two entities Crow's foot diagram A type of entity-rrelationship diagram that uses a crow's foot symbol to designate a 1:N relationship Data integrity problem In a database, the situation that exists when data items disagree with one another. An example is two different names for the same customer Data model A logical representation of the database that describes the data and relationships that will be stored in the database Entity In the E-R data model, a representation of some thing that users want to track. Some entities represent a physical object; others represent a logical construct or transaction Entity-relationship diagram A type of diagram used by database designers to document entities and their relationships to another Entity-relationship data model Popular technique for creating a data model, in which developers define the things that will be stored and the relationships to each other Identifier An attribute (or group of attributes) whose value is associated with one and only one entity instance Many-to-many relationship Relationships involving two entity types in which an instance of one type can relate to many instances of the second type, and an instance of the second type can relate to many instances of the first Maximum cardinality The maximum number of entities that can be involved in a relationship . Common examples of cardinality are 1:N N:M and 1:1 Minimum cardinality The minimum number of entities that must be involved in a relationship Normal form A classification of tables according to their characteristics and the kinds of problems they have Normalization The process of converting poorly structured tables into two or more well-structured groups One-to-many (1:N) relationship Relationship involving two entity types in which an instance of one type can relate to many instances of the second type, but an instance of the second type can relate at most to one instance of the first Relationship An association among entities or entity instances in an E-R model or an association among rows of a table in a relational database Unified Modeling Language (UML) A series of diagramming techniques that facilitates OOP development. UML has dozens of different diagrams for all phases of system development Client virtualization (aka desktop virtualization) The process of storing a user's desktop on a remote server. It enables users to run their desktops from many different client computers Desktop virtualization (aka client virtualization) The process of storing a user's desktop on a remote server. It enables users to run their desktops from many different client computers Mobile access The use of networked computers while in motion Nomadic Access Application with which users access networks from different locations, but not while in motion from site to site PC mule Business professionals who carry their devices with them wherever they go Remote access Using information systems to provide activity or action at a distance Synch The process of synchronizing the data on two or more computers Telediagnosis A remote access system used by health professionals to provide expertise in rural or remote areas Telelaw enforcement A remote access system that provides law enforcement capability, such as the RedFlex system that uses cameras and motion-sensing equipment to issue tickets for red-light and speeding violations. Telesurgery A remote access system that links surgeons to robotic equipment and patients at a distance Virtual Machine A computer program that presents the appearance of an independent operating system within a second, host operating system Wireless hotspot hubs Devices that wirelessly connect to a WAN using cell phone technology and provide wireless access connectivity to computers located in close proximity to the hub As-is model A business process model that documents the current business process; teams then change that model to make adjustments necessary to solve process problems Industry-specific solution An ERP template that is designated to serve the needs of companies or organizations in specific industries Modules A suite of applications Process blueprint In an ERP product, a comprehensive set of inherent processes for organizational activities Stored procedure A computer program stored in the database that is used to enforce business rule Train the trainer Training sessions in which vendors train the organization's employees, called Super Users, to become in-house trainers in order to improve training quality and reduce training expense Trigger A computer program stored within the database that runs to keep the database consistent Accelerator effect An economic theory that states that a dollar spent will contribute more than a dollar of activity to the economy Bullwhip effect Phenomenon in which the variability of the size and timing of orders increases at each stage up the supply chain, from customer to supplier Distributed database processing The process of a database that resides in whole, or in part, in multiple locations Localizing The process of making a computer program work in a second language Partitioned database A database that is divided into non-overlapping segments, and two or more segments are distributed into different geographic locations Replicated database Databases that contain duplicated records. Processing of such databases is complex if users want to be able to update the same items at the same time without experiencing lost-update problems