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RNA single-stranded nucleic acid that contains the sugar ribose RNA polymerase enzyme that links together the growing chain of RNA nulceotides during transcription using a DNA strand as a template messenger RNA (mRNA) type of RNa that carries copies of instructions for the assembly of amino acids into proteins from DNA to the rest of the cell ribosomal RNA type of RnA that combines with proteins to form ribosomes transfer RNA type of RNa that carries each amino acid to a ribosome during protein synthesis translation process by which the sequence of bases of an mRNA ia converted into the sequence of amino acids of a protein promoter specific region of a gene where RNA polymerase can bind and begin transcription intron sequence of DNA that is not involved in coding for a protein exon expressed sequence of DNA; codes for a protein polypeptide long chain of amino acids that makes proteins genetic code collection of codons of mRNA, each of which directs the incorporation of a particular amino acid into a protein during protein synthesis codon group of three nucleotide bses in mRNA that specify a particular aminio acid to be incorporated into a protein transcription synthesis of an RNA molecule from a DNA template anticodon group of three bases on a tRNAmolecule that are complementary to the three bases of a codon of mRNA gene expression process by which a gene produces its product and the product carries out its function mutation change in the genetic material of a cell point mutation gene mutation in which a single base pair in DNA has been changed frameshift mutation mutation that shifts the "reading frame" of the genetic message by inserting or deleting a nucleotide mutagen chemical or physical agents in the enviroment that interact with DNA and may cause a mutation polyploidy condition in which an organism has extra sets of chromosomes operon in prokaryotes, a group of adjacent genes that share a common operator and promoter and are transcribed into a single mRNA operator short DNA region, adjacent to the promoter of a prokaryotic operon, that binds repressor proteins responsible for controllingg the rate of transcription of the operon RNA interference introduction of double-stranded RNA into a cell to inhibit gene expression differentiation process in which cells become specialized in structure and function homeotic gene a class of regulatory genes that determine the identity of body parts and regions in an animal embryo. mutations in these genes can transform one body part into another homebox gene the homebox is a DNA sequence of approximately 130 base pairs, found in many homeotic genes that regulate development. Genes containing that sequence are known as homebox genes, and they code for transcription factors, proteins that bind to DNA, and they also regulate the expression of other genes Hox gene a group of homeotic genes clustered together that determine the head to tail identity of body parts in animals. All hox genes contain the homeobox DNA sequence