Gram Positive Rods I & II
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80 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 List the medically important gram positive rods. | Bacillus anthracis, bacillus cereus |
| Describe what spores are, what induces their production, and what roles they have in the pathogenicity of Bacillus species. | Spores form when growth conditions are less favorable. Spores are metabolically inactive and do not replicate, but highly resistant to drying, heat, or cold. Allow bacteria to survive for many years until favorable growth conditions return. B. anthracis |
| List two pathogenic species of Bacillus and describe their reservoir in nature, and how they cause disease in humans. | B. anthracis, B. cereus. Anthrax is from animals, cereus associated with rice, meat, or vegetables. |
| Explain the mechanism of toxicity of the 2 anthrax toxins, and the 2 GI toxins of Bacillus cereus | A-B toxin of B. anthracis. A=active is toxic (LF, EF). B=binding, not toxic (PA). B delivers A. |
| Name the reservoir for each pathogenic filamentous gram positive rod and relate this to the mode of transmission of each disease. | ... |
| Describe why Nocardia is "partially acid fast" | It has mycolic acids in cell walls. |
| Clinical syndromes of Bacillus anthracis | Ulcer, flu-like symptoms, edema, lymphadenopathy, sepsis |
| Clinical syndromes of Bacillus cereus | Gastroenteritis |
| Clinical syndromes of Nocardia species | Bronchopulmonary disease, cutaneous or lymphocutaneous lesions |
| Clinical syndromes of Actinomyces israelli | Granulomatrous lesions that form abscesses, cervicofacial (lumpy jaw), pelvic actinomycosis |
| Which gram positive rods and related bacteria are aerobic? (5) | Bacillus, listeria, corynebacterium, nocardia, mycobacterium |
| Which gram positive rods and related bacteria produce spores? (2) | Bacillus, clostridium |
| Which gram positive rods and related bacteria are intracellular? (2) | Listeria, mycobacterium |
| Which gram positive rods and related bacteria are acid fast? (, 1 is partial) | Nocardia (partial), mycobacterium |
| Which gram positive rods and related bacteria are filamentous? (2) | Actinomyces, nocardia |
| What are the general microbiology of Bacillus? | 1. Gram-positive rods 2. aerobic 3. spore formers 4. produce toxins 5. only bacteria with a protein capsule |
| What is required for pathogenicity in Bacillus anthracis? | Protein capsule |
| What is the protein capsule of B. anthracis made up of? | poly-D-glutamate |
| What are the three antrax toxin components? | PA, LF, EF |
| Protective Antigen (PA) is part of what component? (A or B) | B. |
| Antibodies to protective antigen does what to the toxins? | Neutralizes the toxins by preventhing their attachment to the cell. |
| Lethal Factor (LF) is part of what component? | A |
| Which toxin component is a zinc-metalloproteinase that binds to, and cleaves, an essential intracellular signaling enzyme, MAP, leading to cell death. It also induces secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines from macrophages. | Lethal Factor (LF) |
| Edema Factor (EF) is part of what component? | A |
| Which toxin is an adenylate cyclase which increases intracellular cAMP, causing fluid and electrolyte loss (thus tissue edema). | Edema factor (EF) |
| PA+LF=? | Lethal toxin |
| PA+EF=? | Edema toxin |
| What is the term to describe a disease acquired mostly from animals or animal products? This applies to what? | Zoonosis. Bacillus anthracis |
| True/False: inhalation anthrax has a high mortality and a rapid course | True |
| Name 3 routes anthrax can be acquired. | 1. broken skin (cutaneous anthrax) 2. ingestion of spores (GI anthrax) 3. aerosol route (inhalation anthrax) |
| Describe progression of cutaneous anthrax. | Begins as a papule at site of inoculation, which progresses to an ulcer, then to an enlarging black eschar (necrosis) with surrounding tissue edema and lymphadenopathy. |
| What is the mortality rate of cutaneous anthrax if left untreated? | 20% |
| Describe the progression of GI anthrax. | Begins as a ulcer at site of invasion, progressing to regional lymphadenopathy, edema, and sepsis with high mortality rate. |
| Describe the progression of inhalation anthrax. | Flu-like symptoms and mediastinal lymphadenopathy, followed by edema, sepsis, shock, and meningeal signs. |
| Which transmission type of anthrax is the most dangerous? | Inhalation |
| What is the prevention for anthrax? | There is a vaccine for animals, for humans too but less effective than for animals. |
| What is the mortality rate with inhalation anthrax? | 80% |
| What is the preferred treatment with inhalation anthrax? | Ciprofloxacin, given very soon after initial signs to save the patient. |
| Bacillus cereus produces 2 toxins involved in causing what disease? | Gastroenteritis |
| Bacillus cereus produces what 2 toxins involved in causing gastroenteritis? | Emetic toxin and diarrheal toxin |
| Strains associated with rice carry what toxin from B. cereus? | Emetic toxin |
| Emetic toxin is resistant to what enzyme? | Protease |
| Strains associated with meat or vegetables carry what toxin from B. cereus? | diarrheal toxin |
| Which strain is heat labile, not preformed on food but produced by the bacteria after ingestion with an onset of 18-24 hours? Emetic or diarrheal toxin? | Diarrheal toxin |
| Which toxin has a mechanism similar to enterotoxigenic E. coli with aenylate cyclase-activating activity? | Diarrheal toxin |
| How should food be kept in order to avoid getting sick from B. cereus? | Food must either be kept cold, to prevent growth, or kept at a high enough temperature to kill the vegetative bacterial cells when they try to grow. |
| What are some specific microbiology of Nocardia?(5) | 1.Filamentous non-spore forming gram positive rods 2.strict aerobes 3.partially acid fast 4. urease positive 5 catalase positive |
| What kind of acid does Nocardia contain in the cell wall? | Mycolic acids |
| Bronchopulmonary disease from inhalation from environment - slowly progressive with cavitary lesinos. Can disseminte into the CNS, causing brain abscesses. | Nocardia |
| What type of patients are at risk for Nocardia bronchopulmonary disease? | Immunocompromised patients with reduced T cell function |
| Cutaneous or lymphocutaneous lesions from traumatic implantation. | Nocardia |
| What is a mycetoma? What species? | Painless, chronic subcutaneous infection with draining sinus tracts. Nocardia |
| Give some specific microbiology of Actinomyces Isrealli. (5) | 1.Filamentous non-spore forming gram positive rods 2.Anaerobic 3. Non-acid fast 4. sulfur granules in tissues 5. Found as normal flora in female genital tract, respiratory tract, and intestine, ENDOGENEOUS infection from one's own flora |
| What are three disease states from actinomyces (israelli)? (3) | 1.Suppurative granulomatous lesions 2. Cervicofacial 3. Pelvic actinomycosis |
| What kind of lesions are seen in suppurative granulomatous lesions? | Hard, yellow microcolonies called sulfur granules |
| What is seen in patients with poor dental hygiene? | Cervicofacial actinomycosis |
| Which causes tubal-ovarian abscesses or ureteral obstruction and extensive tissue damage? | Pelvic actinomycosis |
| What is the name of the organism that refers to the Greek "korynee", club-shaped gram +? | Corynebacterium diphtheriae |
| What organism looks like leather hide? With leathery membrane? | Corynebacterium diphtheriae |
| What grows on Loeffler's or potassium tellurite media? | Corynebacterium diphtheriae |
| What are the three species of Corynebacterium diphtheriae? | Gravis, intermdius, and mitis |
| Is Corynebacterium diphtheriae an invasive organism? | No |
| How can Corynebacterium diphtheriae produce a powerful exotoxin? | Harbos a lysogenic beta phage |
| What does the exotoxin of Corynebacterium diphtheriae cause? | Inhibits protein synthesis and primarily affects the heart (myocarditis), nerves (demyelination), and kidneys (tubular necrosis). |
| What does local necrosis from exotoxin of Corynebacterium diphtheriae produce that cause suffocation? | Pseudomembrane |
| What is the treatment of Corynebacterium diphtheriae? What precaution should be taken with the patients? | DAT (Diphtheria antitoxin) and erythromycin or penicillin. Patients should be isolated. |
| How do you prevent Corynebacterium diphtheriae? | Vaccination. Humans are the only hosts. |
| Corynebacterium: Arcanoacterium hemolyticum causes what? | Pharyngitis and scarletiniform rash |
| Corynebacterium jeikeium causes what? | Bacteremic disease in cancer patients. Very drug resistant - susceptible only to vancomycin |
| Rhodococcus aqui causes what? | Associated with cavitary pneumonia in patients with defects in cell mediated immunity (AIDS). |
| What kind of staining is Rhodococcus aqui? | Acid fast staining |
| What are microbiology of listeria monocytogenes? | Coccobacillus that is gram positive, non-sporulating, and aerobic. Narrow ring of Beta-hemolysis, positive CAMP test. |
| Which has an umbrella pattern of growth and tumbling motility? | Listeria monocytogenes |
| What are some virulence factors of Listeria monocytogenes? What does it do? | LIstriolysin O, which damages the phagosome membrane. |
| What are the main syndromes in Listeria monocytogenes? | Meningitis and sepsis |
| Listeria monocytogenes are important pathogens in who? | Neonates, pregnancy, and in patients with defects in cell mediated immunity. |
| Lumpy jaw | Actinomyces |
| Very invasive, can grow through anything including bone | Actinomyces |
| Aerobic, acid fast. Nocardia or Actinomyces? | Norcardia |
| Anaerobic, non-acid fast. Norcardia or actinomyces? | Actinomyces |
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