| Term | Definition |
|---|
| Adena-Hopewell Culture | Centered in the Ohio Valley (800B.C. - A.D. 600) left behind enormous earthworks and burial mounds sometimes elaborately shaped like great snakes, birds, or other animals. Also had an elaborate trade network as far as the Gulf and Atlantic. |
| Missippian Cutlure | Centered in the Southwest, (A.D. 600- 1500). Had intensive agriculture, pottery, temple mounds, and death cults. The culture collapsed because of diseases transmitted from European contacts. |
| Anasazi Culture | Called "the ancient ones" in the Navajo language, the culture developed in the four corners The group never gave up their traditional patterns of hunting and gathering, eating small mammals, rodents, reptiles, birds, and insects. They perfected techniques of "dry farming." They lived in backed-mud adobe structures that were built four or five stories high often located in canyons underneath protective cliffs. Lacked a rigid class structure. |
| Renaissance | The rediscovery of ancient classics, the rebirth of secular learning,the spirit of inquiry, all of which spread the more rapidly after Johnn Gutenberg's invention of movable type aroun 1440. Also called the age of discovery. |
| Christopher Colombus | Learned his trade in the school of Portuguese seamenship. Dazzled by the prospect of Asian riches, he hatched a scheme to reach the Indes by sailing West. Spain backed his vogages.Ships were Nina, Pinta, and Santa Maria In 1492 reached Americas, (Bahamas) |
| Treaty of Todesillas | Spain & Portugal reached this compromise agreement. It drew an imaginary line west of the Cape Verde Islands & stipulated that the area west of the line would be a Spanish sphere of exploration & settlement. (Pope helped make the compromise) |
| Ferdinand Magellan | Hoped to show that the Moluccas lay near So America within the Spanish sphere set out to find a passage through or around So America. Portuguese but departed from Spain in 1519 He found his way through a dangerous strait which now bears his name. Touched upon Guam and died in Phillipines.(lost fight with natives) |
| Hernando Cortes | Landed in Vera Cruz which he founded and made the 1st conquest of a major civilization on the mainland in 1519. They made it to the Aztec capital of Tenochitlan where they subjugated the Aztec people. Set the style for other conquistadores to follow. |
| Encomienda | A system whereby favored officers became privileged landowners who controlled Indian villages or groups of villages. They were called upon to protect and care for the villages and support missionary priests. In turn, they could levy tribute in goods and labor. |
| Bartolomeo de Las Casas | A priest in Hispaniola and later bishop of Chiapas, Guatemala, author of A Brief Relation of the Destruction of the Indies,(1552). He won limited reforms from the Spanish Gov., but ironically had a more lasting influence in giving rise to the so-called Black Legend of Spanish cruelty. |
| Vice royalty of New Spain | The political unit of of Spanish territories in North America.The territory included the present-day Southwestern United States, Central America, the Caribbean, and the Philippines. It was ruled by a viceroy from Mexico City who governed on behalf of the King of Spain. The Viceroyalty of New Spain lasted from 1535 to 1821, and was one of two early viceroyalties that Spain established in the 16th century to govern its territories in the New World |
| Franciscans | An order of celibate males founded in 1209. To be eligible for the order, applicants had to surrender all their personal property and live only on charitable contributions. In 1526 the Spanish monarchy ordered that at least 2 friars accompany each conlonial expedition to ensure that the "conquest be a Christian apostolic one and not a butchery" |
| Juan de Onate | In 1598 he recieved a patent for the territory north of Mexico above the Rio Grande. With an expeditionary military force, he took possession of New Mexico, established a capital in San Gabriel, and sent out search parites looking for evidence of gold and silver deposits. In his province's first year, the Indians discovered Spain were not keeping their promises, revolted, which brought his death. |
| Pope (Indian leader) | In 1680 he lead an organized rebellion that involved 17,000 Indians spread across hundreads of miles. The Spanish found out about the rebellion, but this leader oredered the fighting to commence. The Spanish were driven from New Mexico. (It took Spain 14 years to reestablish their control in New Mexico.) |
| Reformation | A movement that began when Martin Luther posted his "Ninety-Five Theses" in protest to the abuses of the Cathlic Church. This spread the new religion of Luthernism and other Protestant Religions. This movement intensified national rivalries. |
| Calvinism | Movement where Swiss Protestants challenged the authority of Rome. Started with John Calvin, who wrote The Institutes of the Christian Religion (1536). This religion believed in predestination. |
| Francis Drake | Part of the English "Sea Dogges" along with John Hawkins and others. The group smuggled and took part in piracy against Spain supported by Queen Elizabeth. In 1577 the group traveled around South America to raid Spanish towns along the Pacific. In 1580 he was knighted by Elizabeth herself. |
| Richard Hakluyt | English promoter of exploration. In 1584 he wrote A Discourse of Western Planting in which he pleaded for colonies to accomplish diverse objects: to extend the reformed religion, to expand trade, to supply England's needs from her own dominions, and various other reasons for exploration. |
| Sir Walter Raleigh | In 1584, he persuaded the queen to renew a colonizing mission in his own name, and sent out a ship to reconnoiter a site.He reached North Carolina and discovered Roanoke Island. In 1587 117 men, women, and children went to live here under Governor John White. In 1590 the colony was found abandoned and pillaged. |
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