| Term | Definition |
|---|
| gene expression | the overall process of info. flow from genes to proteins. this is used to help organisms respond during environmental changes |
| turned on gene | a gene that will transcribe to produce mRNA and translated to make protein |
| operon | a group of genes under coordinated control in bacteria |
| lac operon | contains 3 adjacent genes for enzymes that allow cell to break down lactose |
| promoter | where the RNA polymerase binds |
| operator | where a repressor can bind and block transcription |
| regulatory gene | codes for a repressor protein |
| lactose not present | in lac operon, repressor binds to the operator and prevents the RNA polymerase action |
| lactose present | in lac operon, repressor is not activated and so trancription can take place |
| inducible operon | lac operon; active repressor binds to the operator; inducer binds and inactivates the repressor |
| repressible operon | trp operon; repressor is initially inactive; corresponser bings to the repressor and makes it active |
| activators | enhance RNApolymerase binding to the promoter |
| differentiation | involves cell specialization, in both structure and fuction; controlled by turning genes on and off. |
| house keeping genes | active in all metabolizing cells (glycolysis) |
| DNA packing | eukaryotic chromosomes undergo multiple layers of floding and coiling |
| nucleosome | DNA wrapped around histone (8 histones) |
| tight helical fiber | coiling of nucleosomes |
| supercoil | coiling of tight helical fiber |
| X chromosome inactivation | in female mammals, 1 of the 2 X chromosomes is highly compacted and transcription is inactivated |
| Barr Body | the inactivated X chromosome; chosen by random and cell descendants hace the same one inactivated |
| eukaryotic genes | each gene has its own promoter and terminator andare usually switched off |
| behavior, structure, biochemical, physiological | 4 ways things can adapt.( know examples) |
| natural selection | primary mechanism of evolution based on having adaptations of organisms to their environment; the differential survival and reproduction within a population |
| descend with modification | evolution by mechanism of natural selection |
| darwin's theory | 1. everybody makes too much babies 2. they vary in many traits 3. oneswith favorable traits live and reproduce more 4. favorable traits accumulate |
| False | t/f individuals evolve |
| True | t/f evolution is not goal directed |
| True | t/f natural selection is determined by heritable traits |
| Peter and Rosemary Grant | watched evolution in finches(observed beak size in finches) |
| fossil | the _ records show that organisms have evlovled in a historical sequence |
| comparitive anatomy | comparison of body structures in different species |
| homology | simalarity in characteristics that result from common ancestry |
| population | a group of individuals in the same place at a particular time |
| evolution | the change in heritable traits over generations |
| gene pool | total collection of genesin a population at one time |
| microevolution | a change in the relatice frequencies of alleles in a gene pool over time |
| population genetics | studies how populaitons change genetically over time |
| Hardy Weinburg principle | states that allele and genotype frequencies within a sexually reproducing population will remain in equilibrium unless outside forces act to change those frequencies |
| large population, no gene flow, no mutations, random mating, no natural selection | you must have these to follow the hardy weinburg principle |
| nonrandom mating | allele frequencies wont change much(although genotype frequencies will) |
| natural selection | becasue of this, if ind. differ in their survival and reproductive sucess, this will differ the allele frequencies |
| genetic drift | a change in the gene pool by chance |
| bottle neck effect | leads to a loss in diversity |
| founder effect | a few inviduals settle in a new colony |
| gene flow | movement of ind. or gametes/spores between population and can alter frequencies in a population |
| stabilizing selection | favors intermediate phenotypes acting against extreme phenoypes |
| directional selection | one extreme phenotype disappears |
| disruptive selection | two extreme phenotypes exist |
Combine with other sets
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