| Term | Definition |
|---|
| Activation of β2 adrenoceptors leads to | activation of adenylyl cyclase |
| The G protein Gq | Activates Phospholipase C |
| The mode of action of NO as a signalling molecule is via | activation of guanylyl cyclase |
| The expression of many genes is increased when cAMP levels are elevated. How does cAMP affect gene expression? | It leads to phosphorylation of the transcription factor CREB |
| Binding of epinephrine to β2 receptors leads to activation of adenylyl cyclase. Adenylyl cyclase converts ATP to cAMP which, in turn, activates | protein kinase A |
| Nitric oxide is produced in different tissues by nitric oxide synthase from | arginine |
| Which signal molecule diffuses through the cell membrane to gain access to its receptor? | Testosterone |
| Steroid and thyroid hormones | Affect the pattern of gene expression |
| In which way is the insulin signal transmitted to exert its many effects on target cells? | By activation of receptor tyrosine kinases |
| Activation of α1 adrenoceptors leads to | activation of phospholipase C |
| The G protein Gs | Activates adenylyl cyclase |
| The G protein Gi | Inhibits adenylyl cyclase |
| Ras is | A monomeric GTP-binding protein |
| Activation of β1 adrenoceptors leads to | activation of adenylyl cyclase |
| Hormones are stored in vesicles in the cytosol. Hormone release into the extracellularfluid is triggered by a | A rise in intracellular Ca2+ concentration |
| An example of a paracrine signal? | Nerve growth factor, eicosanoids, NO |
| An example of an endocrine signal? | Epinephrine, testosterone |
| Which receptors can be beneficial in asthma? | β2 receptor |
| Activation of α1 adrenoceptors leads to | increase in intracellular Ca2+ levels |
| Activation of which receptor leads to increase of hepatic glycogen synthesis, inhibition of glycogen breakdown, and inhibition of gluconeogenesis? | Insulin receptor |
| Activation of which receptor leads to increase of hepatic glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis? | Glucagon receptor |
| Nitroglycerin is used to treat patients with angina pectoris because it releases | NO nitric oxide |
| An example of a steroid hormone? | Cortisol |
| Which signal molecules are not stored by cells? | Eicosanoids |
| Activation of which receptors would lead to activation of protein kinase C? | α1 receptor |
| Example of Ion channel (Ligand-Gated) linked receptor | ACh [direct chemical --> electrical transduction] |
| Effects of Cholera toxin | It ADP-ribosylates the α subunit of Gs so it can't hydrolyze GTP to GDP. The signal does not terminate: ATP -> cAMP, active PKA, phosphorylated CFTR, Cl passes out CTFR channel, water follows => Leads to death by diarrhea. Ew. |
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