1.
______ _______ bud from VTCs using ______ coatamers and move along ________ via motor proteins called _________.: Retrieval vesicles, COPI, microtubules, dyneins.
2.
_________ is a chemical from the ________ plant that depolymerizes microtubules and causes the golgi to disperse.: Colchicine, coleus
3.
_________ is a chemical from the ________ tree that causes microtubules to polymerize abnormally. Used to treat cancer.: Taxol, yew
4.
____________ binds both a _____________ receptor and a ____________ receptor.: Estrogen, plasma membrane, nuclear
5.
A _________ combines with an autophagosome in order to digest its contents.: Lysosome
6.
A 500 kDa protein bound to ~1500 esterified cholesterol molecules.: Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol
7.
A chloride-selective ion channel.: Cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator (CFTR)
8.
A group of intracellular signaling proteins that are physically bound close together.: Signalplexes or signalsomes
9.
A ligand that binds to the Galpha subunit of a G-protein and blocks it physically from binding a downstream enzyme like AC.: Effector antagonist
10.
A member of the Galphai/o family that functions in taste receptor cells.: Galphagustducin
11.
A member of the Galphai/o family that inhibits some AC isoforms but is PTX-insensitive.: Galphaz
12.
A member of the Galphai/o family that stimulates phosphodiesterase (PDE) to degrade cGMP in rods and cones.: Galphatransducin
13.
A mutation in this protein is linked to cystic fibrosis.: Cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator (CFTR)
14.
A protein that carries iron in the blood.: Transferrin
15.
A protein that's highly concentrated in caveoli.: Caveolin
16.
A rapidly-diffusible 2nd messenger that is used in many signaling pathways.: Adenyl cyclase (AC)
17.
A recycled receptor protein that binds an iron-carrying protein.: Transferrin receptor
18.
A TM protein called a(n) ______ ________ is found in the PM and binds LDL cholesterol from the ECF.: LDL receptor
19.
A typical LDL receptor makes ____ round-trips.: 120
20.
Acid hydrolases are activated by ________ ________.: Proteolytic cleavage
21.
Activators of Atypical PKC.: PS, but not calcium or DAG
22.
Activators of Conventional PKC.: Calcium, DAG, and PS
23.
Activators of Novel PKC.: DAG, PS, but not calcium
24.
Active ingredient of marijuana.: Delta9tetrahydrocannabinol
25.
An endogenous cannabinoid receptor (CB1) agonist.: Anandamide
26.
An enzyme that phosphorylates tyrosine residues.: Receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK)
27.
An example of a TM receptor protein.: G-Protein Coupled Receptor (GPCR)
28.
An illegal drug that works through GPCRs.: Marijuana
29.
An inherited mutation in the gene for ERGIC53 causes _________ __________.: Excessive bleeding
30.
An LDL receptor lives for ____________.: 20 hours
31.
An old name for GPCRs.: Serpentine 7 receptors
32.
Annotation that signifies replacement of a particular phenylalanine with another amino acid.: DeltaF508
33.
As a ____________, Camillo Golgi believed that all neurons were cytoplasmically continuous.: Reticularist
34.
As a ____________, Santiago Ramon y Cajal believed that the nervous system is composed of individual neurons that are only connected by synapses.: Neuronalist
35.
Camillo Golgi invented the _______ _______.: Black reaction
36.
Caveoli are micro domains enriched in _________, __________, _______________, and ________________.: Cholesterol, glycosphingolipids, GPI-anchored proteins, vitamin receptor proteins
37.
Caveoli mediate ___________ and __________.: Potocytosis, transcytosis
38.
Caveolin has a ___________ loop that inserts in the __________ monolayer of the PM.: Hydrophobic, cytoplasmic
39.
Cells specialized for mucous secretion onto intestinal epithelium.: Goblet cells
40.
Chains that make up the "branches" of oligosaccharide trees.: Glycosaminoglycan
41.
Coat proteins that surround buds of the ER.: COPII
42.
Coatamers that cover the vesicles that transport enzymes in a retrograde fashion in the cisternal maturation model of golgi function.: COPI
43.
Common structural motif of all GPCRs.: 7 alpha-helices
44.
Condition in which a single enzyme is missing from lysosomes, leading to incomplete digestion of contents.: Hurler's disease
45.
Condition in which lysosomes are nearly empty, leading to accumulation of undigested stuff in the lysosome.: I-cell disease
46.
Condition that results from an inability to exocytose pigments.: Albinism
47.
Consensus sequence of LDL receptors (three letter abbreviations as well as one-letter): Asn-Pro-Val-Tyr, N-P-V-Y
48.
Conversion of a signal from one form to another.: Transduction
49.
Cytoskeletal proteins that are needed to maintain the integrity of the golgi.: Microtubules
50.
Delta9tetrahydrocannabinol activates a GPCR called _________ _________.: Cannabinoid receptor (CB1 & CB2)
51.
Disease caused by a mutation in the LDL receptor that results in inability of the LDL particle to bind to the receptor.: Hypercholesterolemia
52.
Dysfunction in the process of autophagy can lead to ________ _________.: Neurological disorders
53.
Endogenous ligands of opioid receptors.: Endorphins and enkephalins
54.
Endosomes containing several small capsules of proteins, lipids, and small amounts of cytosol due to internal budding.: Multi-vesicular bodies
55.
Enzyme that converts ATP to cyclic AMP.: Adenyl Cyclase (AC)
56.
ERGIC53 is a ______ that binds ______ .: Lectin, mannose
57.
Example of a receptor that is not recycled but rather destroyed in lysosomes.: Opioid receptor
58.
Example of a retention signal that is found on soluble proteins.: KDEL
59.
Example of a retention signal that is found on TM proteins.: KKXX
60.
Example of a signalplex or signalsome.: GPCR-GProtein-AC-PKA complex
61.
Example of an enzyme-linked receptor.: Receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK)
62.
Exogenous ligands of opioid receptors.: Hydrocodone, oxycontin, heroin, opium
63.
First described the golgi in 1873.: Camillo Golgi
64.
Five types of acid hydrolases: Proteases, nucleases, glycosidases, lipases, and phospholipases.
65.
Flattened, membrane-enclosed compartments that make up the golgi.: Cisternae
66.
Flow of material from ECF to ICF: _________ _______ from PM mature into _________ _________ which mature into ________ ________ which mature into __________.: Endocytic vesicles, early endosomes, late endosomes, lysosomes
67.
Four different possible locations of receptor proteins: Plasma membrane, intracellular membranes, cytosol, nuclear
68.
Fusion of membranes from different compartments.: Heterotypic fusion
69.
Fusion of membranes from the same compartment.: Homotypic fusion
70.
G-protein family that stimulates a protein called Leukemia-associated Rho-GEF (LARG).: Galpha12/13
71.
G-protein family that stimulates phospholipase C-beta (PM enzyme that degrades PIP2).: Galphaq/11
72.
Galpha functions to convert ______ to ______.: GTP, GDP
73.
Galpha is a(n) ________.: GTPase
74.
Glycoproteins found in mucous.: Mucins
75.
Glycosidases hydrolyze ________.: Carbohydrates
76.
Golgi compartments that are found closest to the ER.: Cis cisternae
77.
Golgi compartments that are found furthest from the ER.: Trans cisternae
78.
Golgi compartments that are found in the middle of the golgi stack.: Medial cisternae
79.
GPCRs mediate some ______, all _______, and detection of ___________.: Taste, smell, pheromones
80.
Group of cisternae found closest to the the ER.: Cis-Golgi Network (CGN)
81.
Group of cisternae found furthest from the ER.: Trans-Golgi Network (TGN)
82.
How are signalplexes or signalsomes held together?: Scaffold proteins
83.
In proteoglycans, ____________ molecules are ____-linked to _______ on core proteins.: Glycosaminoglycan, O, serines.
84.
In the nucleus, type 1 PKA phosphorylates _______ which binds to ______________. Together, they usually ___________ transcription.: CREB, CREB-binding protein (CBP), stimulate
85.
In this model of golgi function, cisternae are fixed and static entities. Enzymes remain concentrated in the appropriate compartment and vesicular transport carries stuff both forward and backward.: Vesicular transport model
86.
In this model of golgi function, cisternae mature as they migrate from the cis-face to the trans-face. Enzymes are transported in retrograde direction in COPI-coated vesicles from trans to cis. Cisternae form de novo from VTCs, progressively mature through enzyme complex changes, and ultimately dissipate at the trans-golgi network to become vesicles.: Cisternal maturation model
87.
KDEL binds to ____________.: TM KDEL receptor
88.
KDEL binds with high affinity at ____ pH in the ______.: Low, golgi
89.
KKXX binds to ________.: COPI
90.
KKXX binds with low affinity at _____ pH in the _____.: High, ER
91.
Large, fluid-filled vesicles that are related to lysosomes.: Vacuoles
92.
Large, irregularly-shaped vesicles that are formed by fusion of transport vesicles.: Vesicular Tubular Clusters (VTCs)
93.
LDL receptors get concentrated in ________-______ pits by binding _________ with the _______ ________ of the LDL receptors.: Clathrin-coated, adaptin, cytoplasmic domains
94.
Lipases hydrolyze ________.: Lipids
95.
lipid-soluble ligands usually bind ___________ receptors.: Intracellular
96.
Little cavities that arise from lipid rafts in the PM.: Caveoli
97.
Long-term effect of hypercholesterolemia.: Atherosclerosis
98.
Lysosomes are formed from when ________ _______ is/are added to ______ ________ which mature into ________________ which mature into _________.: Acid hydrolases, late endosomes, endolysosomes, lysosomes
99.
Means "delicious" or "tasty.": Oishii
100.
Means "savory.": Umami
101.
Mitochondria live about __ ______.: 10 days
102.
Molecules with a small core protein and a very large oligosaccharide tree.: Proteoglycans
103.
More than ___% of acetylcholine receptors are destroyed and never reach the PM.: 90
104.
Most common mutation leading to cystic fibrosis: ______: DeltaF508
105.
Mucins are ________ found in mucous that protect epithelium from _________, _________, and ________.: Glycoproteins, abrasion, desiccation, infection
106.
Mucous is a ______ substance that binds H20 molecules.: Colloidal
107.
Name given to GPCRs whose natural ligand is unknown but that were identified by the human genome project.: Orphan receptors
108.
Name of the buds that stem from the ER.: Transport vesicles
109.
Nickname given to the exocytosis of lysosome contents to the ECF.: Cell defecation
110.
Nucleases hydrolyze ________.: DNA and RNA
111.
Number of GPCRs that are "orphan receptors.": 150
112.
Number of kinds of GPCRs in humans.: >700
113.
Number of kinds of GPCRs that mediate olfaction alone in mice.: ~1000
114.
Oligosaccharide trees that are generated by trimming off and adding sugar chains in the golgi. More diverse in chemical structure than unmodified oligosaccharide trees.: Complex
115.
Oligosaccharide trees that are not modified by golgi enzymes because they are inaccessible.: High mannose
116.
One of the few cargo receptor proteins that have been identified.: ERGIC53
117.
One trip of an LDL receptor takes __________.: 10 minutes
118.
Opioid receptors are marked for down regulation or desensitization by labeling with a ______ _______ _____.: Single ubiquitin tag
119.
Organelles that are specialized for digestion of extracellular materials and cellular materials.: Lysosomes
120.
Part of resident proteins that aim to return them to the ER if they somehow escape.: Retention (retrieval) signal
121.
Percent similarity between Galphatransducin and Galphagustducin.: 80%
122.
Percentage of known drugs that bind GPCRs.: 50%
123.
Phospholipases hydrolyze ________.: Phospholipids
124.
Pigments made by melanocytes are stored in ________, then __________ to the ECF.: Lysosomes, exocytosed
125.
PKA has 2 _______ subunits and 2 _______ subunits.: Catalytic, regulatory
126.
Procedure by which isolated neurons are stained as separate, distinct entities. Three different names.: Black reaction, golgi staining, or golgi impregnation.
127.
Process by which a cell recycles worn-out parts.: Autophagy
128.
Process by which endosomes take in small capsules for digestion.: Sequestration
129.
Process by which molecules are concentrated upon being taken into a cell from the ECF.: Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis
130.
Process by which small molecules are transported across the PM via caveoli and deposited directly into the cytoplasm.: Potocytosis
131.
Process by which vesicles move molecules from one side of an epithelial layer to another through a cell.: Transcytosis
132.
Proteases hydrolyze ________.: Proteins
133.
Protein modification occurs here through sequential exposure to different enzymes.: Golgi
134.
Protein stimulated by the Galpha12/13 family.: Leukemia-associated Rho-GEF (LARG)
135.
Protein synthesis occurs here en bloc.: Endoplasmic reticulum
136.
Proteins that are concentrated in an ER bud.: Cargo proteins
137.
Proteins that are directly or indirectly coupled to receptor proteins and convey or carry and often amplify a signal. Can also be involved in converting a signal from one form to another.: Intracellular signaling proteins
138.
Proteins that are responsible for concentrating certain proteins in an ER bud.: Cargo receptor proteins
139.
Proteins that remain inside the ER by design.: ER resident proteins
140.
Proteins that speed up GTP hydrolysis in the G-protein signaling pathway.: Regulators of G-protein Signaling (RGS) proteins.
141.
Receptor protein type that does not have an integral ion channel but serves to activate a pathway that may or may not involve a channel.: Metatropic
142.
Receptor protein type that has an integral ion channel.: Ionotropic
143.
Receptor proteins found on the sarcoplasmic reticulum of muscle cells.: RyR1 and RyR2
144.
Receptor proteins that have an integral enzymatic site on the protein or has an associated enzyme.: Enzyme-linked receptors
145.
Receptor type that mediates the salty sensation.: ENaC
146.
Receptor type that mediates the sour sensation.: Proton channels
147.
Recruitment G-protein that is found at budding exits sites of the ER.: SAR1
148.
RGS proteins function as ______ and ______ ______.: GTPase Accelerating Proteins (GAP), effector antagonists
149.
RyR1 and RyR2 are ___________ receptors that pass ________ and _________.: Ionotropic, calcium, ryanodine
150.
Six basic types of molecular switch.: Monomeric G-proteins, heteromeric G-proteins, phosphorylation/de-phosphorylation (methylation/de-methylation//acetylation/de-acetylation//nitrosylation/de-nitrosylation), Cyclic nucleotide binding proteins, Calcium-binding proteins, protein-protein interactions
151.
Skin cells that endocytose melanocytes produced by other specialized skin cells.: Keratocytes
152.
Spanish Scientist that disproved the reticular theory of nervous system organization.: Santiago Ramon y Cajal
153.
Stimulatory G-protein family. Stimulates ACI.: Galphas
154.
Symptoms of cystic fibrosis.: Dry mucous membranes, lung infections, and male sterility
155.
Taste sensations mediated by GPCRs.: Sweet, bitter, umami, fat
156.
Taste sensations not mediated by GPCRs.: Sour and salty
157.
The cardiac muscle receptor protein for acetylcholine.: Muscarinic AChR
158.
The effect of acetylcholine on cardiac muscle.: Decreases contraction
159.
The effect of acetylcholine on salivary glands.: Increases secretion
160.
The effect of acetylcholine on skeletal muscle.: Increases contraction
161.
The four major G-protein families.: Galphas, Galphai/o, Galphaq/11, Galpha12/13
162.
The general term given to the group of enzymes responsible for lysing particular compounds.: Acid hydrolases
163.
The golgi is particularly prominent in cells that secrete gobs of _____, _______, and _______.: Proteins, proteoglycans, glycoproteins
164.
The intrinsic GTPase function of Galpha is ___.: Low
165.
The largest group of plasma membrane receptors.: GPCRs
166.
The name of the structure that results when a double bilayer surrounds a cellular organelle for digestion.: Autophagosome
167.
The number of different substances that use receptor-mediated endocytosis: >25
168.
The original oligosaccharide tree of proteoglycans contains __ _________ residues and __ _________ residues.: 9 mannose, 3 glucose
169.
The part of a cargo protein that allows it to be recruited into a budding portion of the ER.: Exit signal
170.
The pH inside lysosomes.: 4.0-5.0
171.
The pH required for acid hydrolases to function.: 5.0
172.
The salivary gland receptor protein for acetylcholine.: Muscarinic AChR
173.
The scaffolding proteins (signalplexes) that bind type 2 PKA: A-kinase anchoring proteins (AKAPs)
174.
The skeletal muscle receptor protein for acetylcholine.: Nicotinic AChR
175.
The special lipid concentration of caveoli creates signaling "____ ______.": Hot spots
176.
The subunits of heterotrimeric G-proteins.: Galpha, Gbeta, Ggamma
177.
The three isoforms of Protein Kinase C (PKC).: Conventional, novel, and atypical
178.
The two main types of N-linked oligosaccharide trees on proteins: High mannose and complex
179.
The two models for golgi function.: Vesicular transport model and cisternal maturation model
180.
The two processes that contribute to the taste sensation.: Olfaction and gustation
181.
The unique sorting signal of oligosaccharide tree on hydrolases that is responsible for transporting them from the TGN to lysosomes.: Mannose-6-phosphate (M6P)
182.
There are ____ different isoforms of Galpha.: 21
183.
There are ____ different isoforms of Gbeta.: 6
184.
There are ____ different isoforms of Ggamma.: 12
185.
There are ____ kinds of Regulators of G-protein Signaling (RGS) proteins.: ~25
186.
These control golgi behavior, formation & dispersal, and location.: Golgi matrix proteins
187.
These ligands activate the receptor: Agonists
188.
These ligands inhibit the constitutive activity of a receptor protein.: Inverse agonists
189.
These ligands prevent activation of the receptor protein.: Antagonists
190.
These maintain the low pH within lysosomes.: V-type proton pumps
191.
These often mediate protein-protein and protein-non-protein interactions, consist of conserved and recognizable a.a. sequences found in many different proteins, bind structural motifs on other proteins, and don't perturb the global protein structure and function.: Protein Interaction Domains
192.
These skin cells make pigment.: Melanocytes
193.
These two compounds are found in the trans-golgi network.: Nucleoside diphosphate and acid phosphatase
194.
These two subunits of GPCR have covalent lipid attachments for association with the membrane.: Galpha and Ggamma
195.
This chemical leads to severe diarrhea and functions through the Galphas G-protein family.: Cholera toxin (CTX)
196.
This chemical leads to whooping cough and functions through the Galphai/o G-protein family.: Pertussis toxin (PTX)
197.
This enzyme chews up cAMP.: Phosphodiesterase (PDE)
198.
This enzyme dephosphorylates golgi matrix proteins.: Phosphatase
199.
This enzyme is tetrameric and is activated by cAMP.: Protein Kinase (PKA)
200.
This enzyme phosphorylates golgi matrix proteins.: Kinase
201.
This G-protein family inhibits ACI.: Galphai/o
202.
This G-protein stimulates AC in olfactory neurons.: Galphaolf
203.
This protein interaction domain binds 1,2 diacylglycerol (DAG).: DAG-binding domain
204.
This protein interaction domain binds phosphorylated tyrosines (phosphotyrosines) located within a consensus sequence.: SVC Homology 2 (SH2) domain
205.
This protein interaction domain binds phosphotyrosines.: Phosphotyrosine Binding (PTB) domain
206.
This protein interaction domain binds PIP2 and PIP3 as well as Gbetagamma dimers.: Pleckstrin homology (PH) domain
207.
This protein interaction domain binds PIP3: PX domain
208.
This protein interaction domain binds short sequences within the C-terminus of other proteins.: Post-synaptic density/Disc large/Zona occludans (PDZ) domain
209.
This protein interaction domain binds short, proline-rich regions (polyprolines).: SH3 domain
210.
This type of PKA is cytosolic and may diffuse into the nucleus and regulate gene expression.: Type 1 PKA
211.
This type of PKA is tethered to the PM, outer nuclear membrane, or the outer mitochondrial bilayer via microtubules.: Type 2 PKA
212.
Three diseases linked to clumping of misfiled proteins.: Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington's
213.
Three functions of scaffold proteins.: Increase the speed of signal transmission, increase the specificity of the signal transmission, decrease "cross-talk"
214.
Three reasons that mis-folded or mis-assembled proteins must be destroyed.: They aggregate, are non-functional, and are non-soluble
215.
Three types of desensitization of receptor proteins.: Receptor sequestration, down-regulation, and inactivation
216.
Three types of ligands.: Agonists, antagonists, inverse agonists
217.
Two distinct faces of each golgi stack.: Cis face and trans face
218.
Two examples of receptor proteins found on an intracellular bilayer.: RyR1 and RyR2
219.
Two secreted blood clotting factors that are recognized by the ERGIC53 protein.: Factors V and VIII
220.
Two types of receptor proteins.: Ionotropic and metatropic
221.
Type of cellular signaling in which cells must physically touch.: Contact-dependent
222.
Type of cellular signaling in which the a neuron secretes a ligand onto a blood vessel.: Neuro-endocrine
223.
Type of cellular signaling in which the ligand has its receptor on adjacent or nearby cells.: Paracrine
224.
Type of cellular signaling in which the ligand is secreted into the ECF and may act over long distances.: Endocrine
225.
Type of cellular signaling in which the ligand originates from the same cell that has the receptor.: Autocrine
226.
Type of permanent receptor desensitization in which a receptor is endocytosed and destroyed in a lysosome.: Down-regulation
227.
Type of receptor desensitization in which a receptor is temporarily endocytosed from the PM.: Receptor sequestration
228.
Type of receptor desensitization in which a receptor protein is left on the PM but is "turned off" by phosphorylation or bound by an inhibitory protein.: Inactivation
229.
Umami taste sensation is stimulated by these four substances.: Aspartate, glutamate, IMP & GMP
230.
V-type proton pumps are ________.: ATPases
231.
Vacuoles make up ______ (percentage range) of cell volume.: 30-90%
232.
Water-soluble ligands usually bind __________ receptors.: Plasma membrane
233.
What are two types of lysosomal storage disease?: Hurler's disease ad I-cell disease
234.
What is an example of a calcium-binding protein?: Calmodulin
235.
What is an example of a metatropic receptor protein?: Muscarinic AChR
236.
What is an example of an ionotropic receptor protein?: Nicotinic AChR
237.
What is the active, calcium-bound form of calmodulin?: Ca2+Cam
238.
What is the inactive, calcium-unbound form of calmodulin?: ApoCam
239.
What is the systemic result of clumped proteins?: Disease
240.
When _____ _______ _______ are _____________, they disperse and the golgi disperses.: Golgi matrix proteins, phosphorylated
241.
When _____ _______ _______ are _____________, they reassemble and the golgi reassembles.: Golgi matrix proteins, dephosphorylated
242.
When a muscle cell is active, its cytosolic cAMP concentration is _______.: 10-6M
243.
When a muscle cell is at rest, its cytosolic cAMP concentration is _______.: 10-8M
244.
When sequestration occurs in an endosome, it becomes a(n)________ ______ _________.: Multi-vesicular body
245.
Which model of golgi function is currently favored?: Cisternal maturation model
246.
While Gbetagamma is usually a dimer, some isoforms of ____ function alone.: Gbeta
