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stimulus output sound waves sound air molecules pounding against ear drum sound waves vibration created by air molecules/fluid colliding in ear frequency # of complete wavelengths that occur per sound determinant of pitch (high/low) amplitude determines loudness decibels more decibels the sound has - louder it is going to be overtones primary determinant of timbre multiples of the basic tone timbre quality of the sound sharp/flat process of hearing pinna-auditory canal-tympanic membrane-ossicles-oval window-cochlea-basilar membrane-organ of corti outer ear pinna, auditory canal, tympanic membrane pinna fleshy part on side of head auditory canal hole in the ear tympanic membrane ear drum middle ear ossicles, malleus, incus, stapes, oval window ossicles 3 tiny bones: malleus/hammer, incus/anvil, stapes/stirrup oval window sends vibration to cochlea inner ear cochlea, basilar membrane, organ of corti cochlea cochlear fluid moves when oval window vibrates determines pitch of sound basilar membrane receptor cells of sound waves are located here organ of corti has receptor cells for perceiving sound waves place theory hemholtz describes how we hear high-pitched noises and not low-pitched ones frequency theory how we are able to detect low-pitched sounds up to frequencies of 1000 waves per second volley principle receptor cells in ear fire in a sequence pattern of firing corresponds to frequency of sound wave kinesthetic senses info about movement and position of body parts muscles, joints, and tendons stretch receptors connected to muscles tells brain when muscles are stretching/contracting golgi tendon organs nerve endings attached to tendons vestibular senses balance and body position in inner ear semicircular canal fluid - speed and direction of body movement equilibrium conduction hearing loss occurs because eardrum punctured, ossicles losing ability to vibrate ability for each to conduct sound vibrations decreases sensorineural hearing loss nerve deafness occurs because cochlea's hair cell receptors and nerves being damaged caused by heredity, aging, prolonged exposure to loud music, disease cochlear implant converts sounds into electrical signals electrodes treaded into cochlea when sound converted into electrical impulse; impulses stimulate auditory nerve brain interprets stimulation as sound tough skin- biggest sense organ pain, pressure, warmth, cold cold fibers fire in response to cold stimuli speed up firing rate when skin gets cool, slows firing when skin warms up warm fibers fire in response to hot stimuli speed up firing rate when skin gets warm, slow firing rate when skin cools down paradoxical heat phenomenon when both hot and cold fibers stimulated at the same time heat always comes first congenital indifference to pain analgesia feel no pain at all gene mutation hyperalgesia extreme sensitivity to pain nerve damage somewhere in PNS phantom limb phenomenon feeling a limb after an amputation brian wired to expect to feel pain, sensations from all over your body gate control theory of pain neurological gate in spinal cord controls transmission of pain messages to brain gate is opened and colored depending on interaction between 2 fibers large fibers closes gate and the pain message goes away don't feel more pain small fibers open and allow pain messages to get to brain make you feel pain pain affects psyche if you tell yourself it will hurt, it will personality affects pain if you think it won't font, it wont taste gustation chemical sense flavor = taste+smell taste sensations - sweet, salty, sour, bitter, umami interaction between taste receptors and food causes neurons to fie and info gets sent to taste center of brain, thalamus and limbic system papillae hold taste buds - receptor cells smell chemical sense activated by ode rant binding protein produced in nasal gland when you breathe, met of OBP is sprayed in now and connects with molecules of stimulus OBP activates smell receptors in olfactory epithelium receptor cells connect to olfactory bulb