Human Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 6
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39 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Long Bone | The most common class of bone in the body, long bones have a well-defined shaft (the diaphysis) and two well-defined ends (the epiphyses). |
| Flat Bone | A type of bone with a thin flattened shape. Examples include the scapula, ribs, and pelvic bones. |
| Sutural Bone | flat, irregularly shaped bones between flat bones of skull (wormian) |
| Irregular Bone | Bones with complicated shapes (e.x., vertebrae and hip bones) |
| Short Bone | Cube-shaped bones of the wrist and ankle. Bones that form within tendons (e.x., patella) |
| Sesamoid Bone | special type of short bone that forms in tendons; ex: patella; purpose is to alter direction of pull of a tendon |
| Bone Markings | bones display projections, depressions, and openings that serve as sites of muscle, ligament, and tendon attachment, as joint surfaces, or as conduits for blood vessels |
| Diaphysis | shaft of a long bone |
| epiphysis | the ends of a long bone |
| mataphyses | b/w the diaphysis and epiphyses. area where epiphyseal plate/line is located |
| articular cartilage | covers the surfaces of bones where they come together to form joints |
| medullary cavity | Hollow space within the center of the diaphysis, filled with yellow bone marrow, which is mostly fat cells. |
| red bone marrow | functions to form red blood cells, some white blood cells, and platelets; found in cavities of most bones in infants and in the flat bones in adults |
| yellow bone marrow | gradually replaces red bone marrow in adult bones; functions as storage for fat tissue and is inactive in the formation of blood cells |
| hydroxypatite | primary mineral in bone, makes up major portion of bone; gives bone matrix compression strength for weight bearing |
| lamellae | Concentric rings made up of groups of hollow tubes of bone matrix |
| canaliculi | Hairlike canals that connect lacunae to each other and the central canal |
| osteoblast | bone forming cell |
| osteogenesis | Bone formation |
| osteoclast | cells that break down bone |
| osteolysis | softening and destruction of bone |
| osteoprogenitor cells | mesenchymal cell that produce daughter cells that differentiate into osteoblasts; are located in the inner cellular layer of the periosteum, endosteum and lining of passageways that penetrate the matrix of compact bone; |
| central canal | The hollow center of an osteon, also known as a Haversian canal. The central canal contains blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves. Bone is laid down around the central canal in concentric rings called lamellae. |
| perforating canal | canal perpendicular to central canal; carries blood vessels and nerves |
| trabeculae | the irregular latticework of thin bony plates in spongy bone tissue |
| periosteum | the thick fibrous membrane covering the entire surface of a bone except its articular cartilage |
| endosteum | vascular membrane that lines the inner surface of long bones |
| ossification | The process by which cartilage is slowly replaced by bone as a result of the deposition of minerals |
| calcification | The process of depositing calcium salts within a tissue |
| endochondral ossification | Formation of osseous tissue by the replacement of calcified cartilage, which forms most fetal bones, and allows the growth in length of long bones. |
| epiphyseal cartilage | This structure is a piece of hyaline cartilage between the epiphysis and the diaphysis. Functionally it is important because it is responsible for the growth in length of a bone. At puberty it becomes bony and fuses the epiphysis to the diaphysis. This results in the end of long bone growth. |
| intramembranous ossification | mesenchymal (embryonic, undifferentiated) connective tissue is transformed into bone |
| ossification center | location in a bone where ossification (bone forming) begins |
| calcitonin | Produced by the thyroid gland and decreases the blood calcium levels by stimulating calcium deposit in the bones. The antagonist of the parathyroid hormone. |
| parathyroid hormone | produced by parathyroid glands. Raises bl. calcium level when it falls below a critacal threshold level, by releasing calcium from the bone tissue & increasing the rate of reabsorption of calcium from the kidneys. Also promotes vit. D synthesis. |
| fracture | a break in the bone |
| repair of a fracture | -Formation of a hematoma (blood clot) -Granulation (soft callus) tissue is formed, fibroblasts and osteoblasts start to make fibrocartilage spongy bone, which will turn into the fibrocartilage callus -Bony callus forms within a week and cartilage is being replaced with bone, continues for about two months -Bone remodeling continues for 1-2 months after the bony callus is formed, sometimes spongy bone is replaced by compact bone |
| osteopenia | abnormal reduction of bone mass (caused by inadequate replacement of bone lost to normal bone lysis and can lead to osteoporosis) |
| osteoporosis | creates pores in bone, loss of density |
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