| Term | Definition |
|---|
| DNA Codes for Protein | The information required to produce proteins is encoded in the nucleotide sequence of DNA |
| Archibald Garrod | Studied inborn errors of metabolism, he determined that Alkaptouria is an autosomal recessive trait |
| Alkaptouria | Altered metabolism of alkapton (homogentistic acid), urine turns black |
| Metabolic Pathways | Chains of chemical reactions, an enzyme is required to convert one compound into another, each reaction is controlled by a different enzyme |
| RNA vs. DNA | Ribose and deoxyribose, uracil in RNA replaces thymine in DNA, RNA is mostly single stranded while DNA is in the form of a double helix, RNA controls gene expression while DNA stores gentic information |
| Messenger RNA (mRNA) | Single-stranded, complementary copy of DNA that specifies a particular protein |
| Transfer RNA (tRNA) | Transports specific amino acids to the ribosome for protein synthesis |
| Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) | Component of the ribosome |
| 20 Amino Acids | Protein sequence is a linear connection of |
| Codon | Sequence of 3 nucleotides specifies 1 amino acid, universal--from virus to humans (one evidence of evolution) |
| Protein Synthesis | Linear sequence of nucleotides of DNA is transferred to a linear sequence of amino acids of the protein |
| Transcription/Processing and Translation | 2 steps in protein synthesis |
| Transcription | DNA to mRNA, occurs in the nucleus, 3 stages inlcude initiation, elongation, and termination |
| Transcription: Initiation | RNA polymerase binds to the promoter region, DNA unwinds |
| Transcription: Elongation | RNA nucleotides pair with DNA template |
| Transcription: Termination | RNA polymerase reaches the terminator and mRNA is released |
| Pre-mRNA | Product of transcription, composed of exons and introns |
| Exons | Nucleotide sequences that are transcribed and translated |
| Introns | Nucleotide sequences that are transcribed but not translated |
| Processing of Pre-mRNA | Introns are removed, exons are spliced together, cap is added to the 5' end, poly-A tail is added to the 3' end, the mRNA is transported out of the nucleus to the ribosome for translation |
| Proteins | Composed of amino acids (20 different) joined together by peptide bonds |
| Amino Acids | Have a Carboxyl (acid) group, an amino group, and a unique R group, they are the subunits of proteins |
| Ribosome | The site of protein synthesis, contains 2 binding sites and one exit site |
| Translation | Converts mRNA sequence to amino acid sequence, occurs within the ribosomes, 3 steps include initiation, elongation, and termination again |
| Translation: Initiation | mRNA is loaded on small ribosomal subunit, it moves along until ribosome meets with AUG start codon, tRNA carrying methionine is loaded |
| Translation: Elongation | tRNA's anticodons pair with mRNA's codons, repeat until stop codon enters A-site |
| Polypeptide | Completed chain of amino acids |
| Translation is Not the End | Polypeptide folds into 3-D shape, can be chemically modified, polypeptides can interact with other polypeptides |
| Prions | Infectious diseases caused by proteins, for example "mad cow" disease |
Combine with other sets
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