| Term | Definition |
|---|
| soil texture | determination of the amount of sand silt and clay that is present in your soil |
| loam | a soil mixture of sand, silt, and clay |
| topsoil | the layer of soil on the surface |
| humus | Dark material in the soil, composed of dead organic matter |
| root pressure | as more water enters the roots and collects in the vascular cylinder, pressure builds up. this is known as what? |
| capillarity | The property of water that causes it to cling to surfaces |
| transpiration | the release of water through the leaves of a plant |
| cohesion | the force that holds molecules together; characteristic that causes water to move up plant stems |
| transpiration-cohesion theory | possible explanation for water movement in plants, as water is released from the leaves, additional water molecules must enter the roots. |
| guttation | The process whereby drops of water are forced through pores at the tip and edges of a leaf. |
| turgor | the normal rigid state of fullness of a cell or blood vessel or capillary resulting from pressure of the contents against the wall or membrane |
| nastic movement | movement of some plants due to the loss of turgor cells, such as opening and closing petals |
| thigmonastic movement | a movement in plants caused by a rapid loss of turgor pressure in response to touch |
| nyctinastic movement | the movement in plants caused by gradual change in turgor pressure; sometimes called "sleep movements" |
| translocation | the process of manufacturing polypeptides |
| pressure-flow model | an explanation for how carbohydrates are translocated in plants |
| source | the area where carbohydrates are stored or manufactured. |
| sink | the places where carbohydrates are used or stored in stems |
| fertilizer | a substance added to soil to help plants grow |
| mulch | decomposing organic matter, often added to the soil to enrich its mineral content, or texture and to preserve the soil moisture |
| insectivorous | plant that captures and digests insects |
| hormone | produced in meristematic tissues, affecting cell maturation. |
| auxin | a growth regulating hormone in plants,prevent fruit from dropping, |
| gibberellin | a plant hormone that causes rapid elongation of stems |
| ethylene | a gaseous plant hormone that causes fruit to ripen |
| abscisic acid | a plant hormone that affects growth by inhibiting the the actions of other hormones. also promotes dormancy |
| tropism | a growth response to plants to external stimuli such as light, gravity, and touch |
| phototropism | growth movement of a plant in response to light |
| chemotropism | growth movement of a plant toward or away from certain chemicals |
| etiolated | the condition of a plant when grown in the absence of light; then elongated stems with small, pale leaves. |
| photoperiodism | the responce to plants in changes of light intensity and length of days. |
| critical dark period | the period of uninterrupted darkness that is required for a plant to flower. |
| phytochrome | protein plant pigments that regulate a plant's response to photoperiod changes |
| dormancy | a period of greatly reduced activity in organisms |
| vegetation reproduction | asexual reproduction in plants |
| plantlet | a young plant or a small plant |
| layering | the method of vegetation reproduction in which a branch is exposed to the soil, allowed to form roots, and then separated from the parent plant. |
| a stem cutting | a section of stem that is placed in water or in moist sand, soil, or similar medium. |
| Grafting | To unite (a shoot or bud) with a growing plant by insertion or by placing in close contact. |
| Scion | a shoot or twig, esp. one cut for grafting or planting; a cutting. |
| budding | a small axillary or terminal protuberance on a plant, containing rudimentary foliage (leaf bud), the rudimentary inflorescence (flower bud), or both (mixed bud). |
| pedicel | a small stalk. |
| receptacle | the modified or expanded portion of the stem or axis that bears the organs of a single flower or the florets of a flower head. |
| sepal | one of the individual leaves or parts of the calyx of a flower. |
| petal | One of the often brightly colored parts of a flower immediately surrounding the reproductive organs; a division of the corolla. |
| stamen | the pollen-bearing organ of a flower, consisting of the filament and the anther. |
| filament | the stalk like portion of a stamen, supporting the anther. |
| anther | the pollen-bearing part of a stamen. |
| pollen | the fertilizing element of flowering plants, consisting of fine, powdery, yellowish grains or spores, sometimes in masses. |
| pistil | a short firearm intended to be held and fired with one hand. |
| stigma | the part of a pistil that receives the pollen. |
| style | narrow, usually cylindrical and more or less filiform extension of the pistil, which, when present, bears the stigma at its apex. |
| ovary | the enlarged lower part of the pistil in angiospermous plants, enclosing the ovules or young seeds. |
| ovule | a rudimentary seed. |
| polar nucleus | either of two female haploid nuclei, in the embryo sac of flowers, that fuse to produce a diploid nucleus, which combines with a male nucleus to form the endosperm. |
| micropyle | the minute orifice or opening in the integuments of an ovule. |
| pollination | the transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma. |
| pollen tube | the protoplasmic tube that is extruded from a germinating pollen grain and grows toward the ovule. |
| endosperm | nutritive matter in seed-plant ovules, derived from the embryo sac. |
| double fertilization | the fertilization process characteristic of flowering plants, in which one sperm cell of a pollen grain fertilizes an egg cell while a second fuses with two polar nuclei to produce a triploid body that gives rise to the endosperm. |
| seed | the fertilized, matured ovule of a flowering plant, containing an embryo or rudimentary plant. |
| hilum | the mark or scar on a seed produced by separation from its funicle or placenta. |
| hypocotyl | the part of a plant embryo directly below the cotyledons, forming a connection with the radicle. |
| radicle | the lower part of the axis of an embryo; the primary root. |
| epicotyl | (in the embryo of a plant) that part of the stem above the cotyledons. |
| germination | to develop into a plant or individual, as a seed, spore, or bulb. |
| viable | able to live and grow |
| fruit | the developed ovary of a seed plant with its contents and accessory parts, as the pea pod, nut, tomato, or pineapple. |
| cytokinin | a substance that affects plant cells in many ways,including stimulation of the division of cells and lateral bud growth. |
| thigmotropism | growth movement in a plant in response to contact |
| chemotropism | growth movement in a plant toward or away from certain chemicals. |
| leaf cutting | taking a piece of a plant and using it to grow an identical plant. |
| tissue culturing | forcing a single cell to differentiate into all of the kinds of tissues needed for an entire plant. |
| peduncle | stalk of a flower |
| calyx | all sepals together |
| corolla | all petals together |
| staminate | a male flower |
| carpellak | female flowers |
| hermaphrodite | both male and female parts |
| water, oxygen, and temperature | what do seeds need to live? |
| strawberries and some grasses | what does gutation occur in? |
| protection, insulation,nutrition, and adds pores for water. | what does mulch do for plants? |
| 80% | plants are made up of how much water? |
| photosynthesis, turgor, hydrolysis, and circulation | what is water important for in plants? |
| contains water and nutrients, and helps support | how does soil help plants? |
| gravel, sandy, clay, loam (sand silt and clay) | what types of soil are there? |
| tubes | what do underwater plants use for oxygen? |
| run-off | when there is too much water in too little time what is it called? |
| cohesion | when water molecules stick together it's called what? |
| when water beads from the inside of plants | what is gutation? |
| nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium | when fertilizers have 3 numbers, what do they stand for? (ex: 10-20-10) |
| gravitropism | Response of the plant to the force of gravity |
| loam | what is topsoil composed of? |
| nastic movements | what are plant movements as a result of changing turgor pressure? |
| transpiration-cohesion theory | plant circulation through xylem is best explained by what? |
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