1.
a blending: At the time of mendel, what did people think heredity was
2.
A,B,AB,O: What are the different possibilitis of blood in the ABO blood system?
3.
alleles: different genes for the same trait that occupt the same spot in a pair of chromosomes
4.
autosomal traits: traits carried on the autosomes; doesn't matter if it's from the mom or the dad
5.
autosomes: all the chromosomes that come in homologous pairs; in humans they represent the 22 pairs other then the X and Y; they are numbered starting with the largest pair
6.
body/somatic cell: cells that are 2n in humans and most plants and animals
7.
cat-cry: type of deletion
8.
chromosome maps: places the genes on a particular chromosome at a relative distance from one another based on the frequency of crossing over
9.
chromosomes: packages of DNA and protein that are visible during cell division
10.
codominance, incomplete dominance, and sex-linkage: What are the exeptions to the principle of dominance
11.
complete dominance: Aa, AA
12.
crossingover: What is the exception to linked genes?
13.
crossingover: when non-sister cromatids cross, break, and recombind introducing more variation
14.
deletions: missing one piece of chromosome
15.
diploid: a cell or organism having two sets of chromosomes or chromosomes in pairs
16.
disjunction: the normal seperation of chromosomes during cell division
17.
DNA: a molecule that carries the genetic information
18.
dominant alleles: the trait that shows when in combination with the other
19.
fragile x: type of deletion; number one cause of retardation in boys
20.
gamete: monoploid cells
21.
gene: unit of inheritance, a DNA molecule capable of conveying a message to the cell at the cell level
22.
genotype: set of genes that determine the phenotype (BB, Bb)
23.
heterochromosomes: uneven pair of chromosomes, X and Y or sex chromosomes in humans
24.
heterozygous: hybrid, the individual having two different alleles for a given trait
25.
homologous chromosomes: the members of a pair; they are identical in size, shape, and genetic content
26.
homozygous: the individual having a double dose of the same gene/allele for a given trait (AA)
27.
in any cell only one X in used and works: Why is the abnormal number of X's not as damaging as that of autosomes?
28.
karyotype: arrangement of one's chromosomes in homologous pair in order of decreasing size
29.
Law of Independence: the F2 in a dihybrid cross shows a 9:3:3:1 ratio where each trait independently passed on in all possible combinations; genes assort independently in the form of gametes
30.
Law of Segregation: the F2 in a monohybrid cross shows a 3:1 ration where 3 have the dominant trait and one had the recessive that seperated from the dominant in the process of gamete formation
31.
linked genes: what are the exceptions to the Law of Independence?
32.
linked genes: genes on the same chromosome that are carried together
33.
meiosis: the process of cell division through which monoploid cells are made from a diploid
34.
men because they only need on x to inherit the trait where woman need 2: Do men or woman get sex-linked traits more?
35.
mendel: the father of modern genetics
36.
mitosis: the process of cell division by which somatic cells are made; the original cell doubles its DNA and then divides; the resulting cells are identical to the original
37.
monolpoid/haploid: cell or organism having one set of chromosomes
38.
monosomies: having one chromosome in place of normal pair are lethal except Monosomy-X
39.
Monosomy-X: Turner's syndrome, don't fully develop sexually
40.
multiple alleles: a system of more than one alleles of which any particular individual can have a maximum of two
41.
no: Can you make antibodies against your own body?
42.
non-disjunction: the cause of most chromosomal abnormalities
43.
phenotype: the trait as it shows
44.
principle of dominance: when the F1 of two generations in a monhybrid cross is uniform and shows the domiant trait
45.
pure breeds: What did Mendel start all of his crosses with
46.
pure race: the same as homozygous just used in things like animals
47.
recessive: the trait that doesn't show when in combination with the other unless in double dose
48.
same as for dominance, when the ration is not 3:1: what are the exceptions to the law of segregation
49.
sex-influenced traits: not autosomal but influenced by sex hormones
50.
sex-limited: secondary dex characterisistics that makes a man look like a male and a woman look like a female
51.
sex-linked traits: traits carried on the X and Y chromosomes, most are X linked due to the size of X
52.
test cross: a cross of double recessive to determine whether an organism that shows a dominant trait is a pure breed
53.
trisomies: an chromosomal abnormality, having three chromosomes in place of the normal pari
54.
Trisomy X: no syndrome
55.
Trisomy-13: Patau's syndrome- missing brain parts
56.
Trisomy-18: Edward's syndrome- most not even born, mental retardation,heart problems, rockers foot
57.
Trisomy-21: Down's syndrome- heart problems, learning ability of 3 year old, stuby fingers
58.
XXY Trisomy: Kline felter's syndrome, in boys, sterile, decreased mental ability
59.
XYY Trisomy: Jecob's syndrome, extra aggresiveness
