Anatomy, Heart
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Created by:
JPDenton Plus on November 15, 2011
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83 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Heart | Approx size = 6"x3.5"x2.5" Location: 2/3 left of midline Begins beating on 24th day after conception Avg resting rate = 60-80 bpm Volume pumped each beat = 65-75 cc/beat Avg person has approx 6 liters blood -- moves body total volume in less than 2 minutes "double pump" 1/200 mass of body uses 1/20 of blood uses 1/20 of oxygen uses 1/20 of sugar uses 10x more energy products than other tissues Must keep brain (life) going |
| Right Pulmonary pump | contains deoxygenated blood |
| Left systemic pump | contains oxygenated blood |
| A-V valves |  exit of atria Right - Tricuspid valve (20) - 3 cusps (flaps) Left - Bicuspid valve (10) - 2 cusps |
| S-L valves | exit of ventricle Right - Pulmonary S-L valve (5) Left - Aortic S-L valve (9) |
| Heart wall | 3 layers (1) Endocardium - inner layer (2) Myocardium - middle layer (3) Pericardium - outer layer |
| Right Atrium |  (23) Contain pectinate muscles Deoxygenated blood from the rest of the body enters here through the superior (28) and inferior vena cava (16). Contractions here cause blood to force open the tricuspid valve (20) and move through to the right ventricle (17). |
| Tricuspid Valve | (20) contraction of the right atrium causes this to open. Blood passes through from the right atrium (23) to the right ventricle (17). |
| Right Ventricle | (17) Blood enters through the tricuspid valve (20). Contraction here forces blood back toward the right atrium (23), causing the tricuspid valve to close. The pressure forces the pulmonary SL valve (5) to open. Blood exits through the pulmonary SL valve into the pulmonary trunk (4). Thinner walls -- blood only has to travel to the lungs and back to the heart. |
| Pulmonary Semilunar (SL) Valve | (5) Contraction of the right ventricle (17) causes this to open. Blood passes through this and into the Pulmonary trunk (4) |
| Pulmonary trunk | (4) (anterior) Ascends and angles slightly to the left. Anterior to the aortic arch. Blood enters through the Pulmonary S-L valve (5) and leaves through the Pulmonary arteries (6-left, 27-right) |
| Pulmonary Arteries | (6-left, 27-right) Transport blood away from the heart towards the lungs (2 to the left lung and 2 to the right lung) Deoxygenated blood |
| Oxygenation of blood | As blood passes through the lungs it becomes oxygenated and drops off carbon dioxide. |
| Pulmonary veins |  (20-left, 6-right) Carries oxygenated blood from the lungs back to the heart Highest load of oxygen (just came from lungs) |
| Left atrium | (30) Oxygenated blood enters from pulmonary veins (7). A contraction here causes the bicuspid valve (10) to open and blood to pass through to the left ventricle (11). Contains pectinate muscles |
| Bicuspid (mitral) Valve | (10) A contraction in the left atrium causes this to open. Oxygenated passes through from left atrium and into the left ventricle (11) |
| Left Ventricle | (11) Oxygenated blood flows in through the bicuspid valve (10). A contraction here forces the bicuspid to close and the aortic SL valve (9) to open. Thicker walls -- Blood has to travel to all body parts before returning to the heart. Contains trabeculae carneae (13) |
| Aortic SL Valve | (9) A contraction in the left ventricle (11) causes this to open and oxygenated blood passes through into the Ascending Aorta (26) |
| Ascending Aorta | (26) Ascends and angles slightly to the left. Oxygenated blood enters through the Aortic Valve (9). Some blood continues through and some will enter into the coronary vessels (circumflex branch and left & right coronary arteries) |
| Right coronary artery |  (12) Branches off at the base of the ascending aorta Delivers oxygenated blood to the myocardium and returns to the right atrium via the great cardiac vein (7). Lies in the right coronary sulcas. Part of the Coronary "crown" |
| Left Coronary Artery | (3) Branches off at the base of the ascending aorta Delivers oxygenated blood to the myocardium and returns to the right atrium via the great cardiac vein (7). Lies in the left coronary sulcas. Part of the coronary "crown" |
| Circumflex branch | (4) Branches off at the base of the ascending aorta |
| Papillary muscle | (18) Located along the walls of both ventricles. Attached to atrioventricular valves (20) by chordae tendineae (19). Prevent valve inversion when the ventricles contract. Do not open or close the valves -- valves open and close due to force of blood. |
| Chordae tendineae | (19) "heart-strings" Tendon-like strings attached to atrioventricular valves (20) and papillary muscles (18). Helps prevent prolapse of valve. |
| Trabeculae carneae | (13) Muscular ridges located in both ventricles. Not attached to chordae tendineae. Function: Assist in contraction of the ventricle Mixes left over blood in the ventricle with incoming blood from the atrium. Prevents the left over blood from clotting. |
| Aortic Arch |  (2) (anterior) Arches to the left and posterior to the heart. Some blood continues through, some blood branches into the descending aorta (4) and the brachiocephalic artery (13). From here oxygen is delivered through the blood to all parts of the body, while picking up carbon dioxide. Blood then becomes deoxygenated. |
| Decsending Aorta | (4) divided into 2 parts: Thoracic aorta Abdominal aorta |
| Thoracic Aorta |  (8) Above the diaphragm |
| Abdominal Aorta | (23) Below the diaphragm |
| Brachicephalic artery | (13) First branch off the superior portion of the aortic arch. Branches to form the right common carotid artery and right subclavian artery. Takes blood to head and arm. Only on right side |
| Right common carotid artery |  (14) Branches off the brachiocephalic artery and goes up the right side of the neck to the brain. |
| Right subclavian artery | (12) Branches off the brachiocephalic artery and goes under the clavicle toward the right arm. |
| Left common carotid artery | (15) The second branch off the superior portion of the aortic arch. Goes to the left side of the neck to the brain. |
| Left subclavian artery | (17) Third branch off the aortic arch. Goes under the clavicle to the left arm. |
| Coronary Sinus |  (14) Blood enters through the great cardiac vein (18) and empties into right atrium (7). |
| Interventricular Septum | (12) Separates the right ventricle from the left ventricle. One of the last structure to develop in the heart. |
| Moderator Band (septomarginal trebcula) | (14) Muscular structure found only in the right ventricle. (not seen on heart models) prevents overfilling of chamber. |
| Pectinate muscle (musculi pectinati) | (22) Muscular ridges found in walls of the right and left atria. Function: Allows atria to contract in different directions - helps mix blood Mixes left over blood in the atria with the incoming blood from the body periphery. Prevents left over blood from clotting. |
| Interatrial Septum | (8) Separates the right and left atrium. |
| Superior Vena Cava (SVC) | (2) Deoxygenated blood enters form the head & upper torso and flows into the right atrium. (carries all blood from above the level of the heart) |
| Inferior Vena Cava | (10) Deoxygenated blood enters from the lower extremities and flows into the right atrium. (Carries all blood from below the level of the heart) |
| Anterior interventricular artery | (18) Extends from the cornary vessels at the base of the heart to the apex. Angles to the right of the apex. Seen from anterior view |
| Posterior intervenricular artery | (8) Extends from the coronary vessels at the base of the heart to the apex. Goes straight to the apex. Seen from posterior view. |
| Ligamentum anteriosum (ductus ligamentum) |  (6) Left over scar (connective tissue) from fetal heart. (bypass lungs) Anchors the heart to the pulmonary trunk |
| Valve prolapse | When a valve inverts |
| Epicardium (visceral pericardium) |  (D) visceral (outside) layer directly on heart muscle |
| Myocardium | (A) Middle layer Cardiac muscle tissue Involuntary Striated branched & intercallated (allows communication) Thickest of 3 layers, especially around left ventricle (must push blood to all parts of body, needs to contract with greater force) |
| Endocardium | (B) Inside layer Smooth to prevent blood clots Continues into blood vessels as smooth lining of blood vessels. Impermeable -- muscle layer does not get nutrients or pass waste through membrane. Muscle must have own blood supply. |
| Adult circulation | 1. right atrium 2. right ventricle 3. pulmonay trunk 4. pulmonary arteries 5. lungs 6. pulmonary veins (oxygenated blood) 7. left atrium 8. left ventricle 9. aortic arch 10. to the body to deliver oxygen |
| Fetal circulation (foramen ovale short cut) | 1. right atrium (blood mixed with oxygen and carbon dioxide) 2. foramen ovale 3. left atrium 4. left ventricle 5. aortic arch 6. to the body to deliver oxygen |
| Fetal circulation (ductus arteriosum short cut) | 1. right atrium (blood mixed with oxygen and carbon dioxide) 2. right ventricle 3. pulmonary trunk 4. ductus arteriosum 5. aortic arch 6. to the body to deliver oxygen |
| Tachycardia | Rapid heart rate. Ventricles are pumping so fast they do not have time to fill from the atria. Therefore, the left ventricle is pumping very little oxygenated blood to the body |
| Myocardial Infarction | Due to a blockage in one or several coronary vessels. Blockage causes ischemia to the heart cells. The heart cells die. The repair process may cause fibrous tissue to form. This fibrous tissue formation will reduce the heart's ability to contract properly. |
| Mitral Valve Prolapse | Damage (or prolapse) of valve due to the force of the blood pounding against it from the left ventricle contractions (left ventricle is stronger than right ventricle) |
| Heart Murmur | Valves do not close all the way, allowing blood to flow from the ventricles back into the atria. A gurgling sound (murmur) can be heard. |
| Rheumatic Fever | A bacterial infection in the respiratory tract that can lead to heart valve problems. Some bacteria produce a toxin that can cause the valves to become fibrous and therefore not function properly. |
| Pericardium | made up of 2 layers: (double layered sack) Visceral layer (D), epicardium Parietal layer (C) Between layers is pericardial fluid. (Heart beats within fluid filled sack) |
| Congestive heart failure | Too much pericardial fluid, heart cannot beat properly. |
| Aorta | Biggest artery Ascending - towards front Arch - posterior and left Descending - towards back |
| Cyanosis | "Blue baby" poor circulation = poor oxygen supply Hole in heart (hole in septum) - oxygenated and nonoxygenated blood mix - blood that circulates is not properly oxygenated |
| Fact | More blood pressure in artery than vein because of left ventricle pulse |
| Difference between vein and artery | Vein - flows toward heart Artery - flows away from heart |
| Veins | Thin walled Have valves that keep blood from flowing backward Always situated near skeletal muscles When skeletal muscle contracts it squeezes the vein and pushes the blood forward. |
| How does blood move (up) through body when sitting | Breathing - diaphragm squeezes the vein to keep blood moving |
| Fossa Ovalis | (25) Left over scar from opening between 2 atria in fetal heart (ductus anteriosum) (lung bypass -- Fetal heart all blood is oxygenated. No need to send blood to lungs) |
| Why make baby cry at birth | To inflate airsacs. When baby inflates lungs, pressure changes, blood flows into lung capillaries, BP increases in left atria, creates more pressure throughout, shuts fossa ovalis, grows shut immediately, forms scar. |
| Coronary arteries | Originate from ascending aorta Lies in coronary sulcas Forms circle around heart (coronary crown) for redundant circulation (back up system) Allows heart to survive with blocked artery |
| Cardiac veins | Converge on posterior side of heart at Coronary sinus then passes into right atrium before returning to circulation. (Heart furnishes itself with blood before any other organ) |
| William Harvey | English physician. in 1628, discovered: Closed circulation system - blood always in tubes Direction of flow Arteries veins valves predicted capillaries |
| Arteries | Efferent blood vessel (transport blood away from heart). No valves. Thick walled. Won't collapse if cut (garden hose) In deep tissue. Most carry oxygenated blood. |
| Veins | Afferent blood vessels (transport blood to heart). Have valves. Thin walled. Will collapse if cut (balloon) Superficial (see through skin) Most carry deoxygenated blood. |
| Valves | Located in larger veins. Helps insure blood in lower extremities return to the heart, against gravity. |
| Tunica media |  (2-artery, 10-vein) Middle layer Smooth muscle Thicker in artery than vein |
| Tunica Externa (adventitia) | (1-artery, 9-vein) Outer layer Dense regular connective tissue (gristle) Thicker in artery than vein |
| Tunica Interna (Intima) | (3-artery, 11-vein) Inner layer Epithelial (endothelial) Smooth lining to prevent blood clots extension of endocardium |
| Clotting | causes: injured tissue contact with air contact with rough surface |
| Capillaries |  (A) Smallest blood vessels RBC must pass through single file Made of simple squamous cells Selectively permeable Where circulatory system does it's work (?) |
| Plaque Build-up | Build up of cholesterol deposits along the walls of vessels, causing restriction of blood flow. |
| Varicose veins | The vessels of the lower extremities distend and keep the valves from closing properly. This causes the blood to pool and the vessels to distend more. Cycle of pooling/distending continues and vessels show through the skin. Treatment: wear tight stockings to squeeze the walls of the vessels closer together and get the valves to close properly. |
| Aneurysms | Walls of the vessels become very weak. The blood in the vessels will cause the vessel to bulge in the weakened area, or burst. |
| Stroke (CVA) | Cerebrovascular accident. An interruption in blood flow to the brain or part of the brain. Most common site is in the middle cerebral artery. |
| Cardiac cycle | right and left atria contract together. |
| "double pump" | Rt. pulmonary pump (contains deoxygenated blood) Lt. systemic pump (contains oxygenated blood -- just past through lungs) |
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