male and female reproduction
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221 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 a sexual | the form of reproduction that involves one-celled organisms and need no partner to reproduce |
| sexual | the form of reproduction that involves two individuals, male and female |
| germ cells | or gametes are specialized cells that are designed specifically for the perpetuation of the species. |
| germ cells or gametes in males | are known as spermatoza |
| germ cells or gametes in females | are known as ova |
| gametes | have half as many chromosomes as found in any other body cell |
| gametes go through a process | known as meiosis, which halves the number of chromosomes |
| male reproductive organ are divided into two groups | primary and accessory organs |
| primary organs include | the gonads or sex glands |
| the gonads produce | germ cells and manufacture hormones. |
| the male gonad | is the testie, pl. testes |
| accessory organs include | a series of ducts that transport the germ cells as well as various exocrine glands |
| the testes | are located outside of the body, suspended between the thighs in a sac called the scrotum |
| during embryonic life | the testes develop from tissue near the kidney |
| one to two months prior to birth | the testes decend through the inguinal canal in the abdominal wall into the scrotum |
| the testes are suspended by a | spermatic cord that extends through the inguinal canal |
| spermatic cord | containds blood vessels, nerves, and the ductus deferens that actually transport a spermatozoa away from the testes. |
| in order for the testes to produce sperm | they must be kept at the tempature of the scrotum, which is several degrees lower than that of the abdominal cavity |
| interstital cells | secrete the male hormone testosterone |
| interstital cells are located | between the seminiferous tubels |
| testosterone hormone has three functions | development and maintance of the reproductive structures. Development of spermatozoa. Development of secondary sex characteristics. |
| secondary sex characteristics are | traits that characterize male and females but are not directly involved with reproduction. |
| secondary sex traites for males include | deeper voice, broader shoulders, narrow hips, greater percentage of muscle and more body hair than women. |
| male accessory organs | epididymis and ductus deferens (vas deferens) |
| epididymis | a coiled tube where the cells collect after leaving the tubels. |
| epididymis is located | on the surface of the testis inside the scrotal sac |
| ductus deferens | also known as vas deferens caontains the spermatic cord and continues through the inguinal canal into abdominal cavity |
| male urethra serves as a dual purpose | conveying urine from the bladder and carring reproductive cells (sperm). |
| penis | is made of a spongy tissue containing many blood spaces that are flaccid when empty |
| when filled the penis | is erect |
| penis tissue is divided into three segments | corpus spongiosum- contains urethra, corpus cavernosum, glands penis-at the distal end, covered by loose folds of skin called the prepuce or foreskin |
| semen | is a mixture of sperm cells and various secretions that is expelled from the body |
| the sercretion in semen have five functions | nourish the spermatozoa, transport the spermatozoa. neutralize the acidity of the male urethra and the female vaginal tract. lubricate the reproductive tract during sexual intercourse. prevent infection with antibacterial enzymes and antibodies |
| prostate gland | lies inferior to the urinary bladder where it sourrounds the urethra |
| a thin alkaline prostatic secretion | neutralizes the acidity of the vaginal tract and enhance the sperm's motility. |
| the prostate gland also aides | with expulsion of semen from the body |
| bulbourethral gland | apair of pea sized organs located in the pelviec floor just inferior to the prostate gland. |
| bulbourethral gland is also | called cowper gland |
| bulbourethral gland secretes | mucus to lubricate the urethra and the tip of the penis during sexual stimulation |
| seminal vesicles | grandular lining produces a thick, yellow alkaline secretion containing large quanties of simple sugar and oother substances that nourish the sperm |
| follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) | stimulates the sustentacular cells and promotes spermatozoa formation |
| luteinizing hormones (LH) | stimulates the interstitial cells to produce testosterone. this is also needed for sperm cell development. |
| hypothalamus begins to secretes | hormones that trigger the release of FSH and LH around puberty |
| as levels of testosterone rises in the blood | the hypothalamus secretes less releasing hormone. |
| as levels of testosterone decreases in the blood | the hypothalamus secretes more releasing hormone |
| aging male reproduction | decreases in production of testosterone and spermatozoa begins as early as age 20 and continues through life. |
| prostate and seminal vesicles | decrease in amount and become viscous |
| female gonads | are the ovaries |
| ovaries are | where the female sex cells or ova are formed |
| the ovaries are | oval shaped and decent but only to the pelvic cavity. |
| ovaries are held in place | by ligaments, which include the broad ligaments, ovarian ligament that attach them to the uterus and body wall |
| female accessory organs | oviducts, uterus, vagina, greater vistibular gland, vulva and perineum |
| oviducts | also known as the uterine tubes or follopian tubes |
| the ovum | is swept into the tubes by a current in the peritoneal fluid |
| the progress of the ovum through the tubes | toward the uterus depends on the sweeping action of the cilia in the tubes's lining. |
| the ovum usually reaches the uterus | within 5 days |
| uterus | is the organ in which the fetus develops to maturity and is pear shaped |
| the uterus | superior portion is located on the upper surface of the urinary bladder, while the inferior portion lays on the pelvic floor between the bladder and the rectum |
| corpus | the wide upper portion of the urterus |
| cervix | is the lower narrower region of the uterus |
| fundus | is the small rounded region above the level of the tubal enterances |
| myometrium | is the muscular region of the uterus |
| endometrium | the specialized epithelium that lines the uterus. |
| endometrium changes | during the menstrual cycle to prepare to nourish a fertilized egg, then break down if no fertilization occurs to be released as the menstrual flow |
| broad ligament | supports the uterus |
| the cervix leads | to the vagina |
| the vagina | is a muscular tube that connects the uterine cavity to the outside of the body |
| vagina lining has folds | that allow enlargement so childbirth does not tear the lining |
| vagina is the organ | that receives the penis during intercourse |
| the hymen | is found near the vaginal opening |
| greater vestibular glands | are superior and lateral to the vagina opening. |
| greater vestibular glands secrete | into an area known as vestibule and provide lubrication during intercourse |
| vulva | includes the libia, clitoris and surrounding structures |
| the vestibule | contains the libia minora, enterence to the urethra and vagina |
| the external structures of the vagina include | mons pubis, labium majus, libia minora and the clitoris |
| mon pubis | is a fatty pad over the symphysis pubis |
| the menstrual cycle has two interrelated continues cycles | menstrual cycle and ovarian cycle |
| the hypothalamus releases hormones | that control menstrual cycle and ovarian cycle |
| menstrual cycle | is the flow of blood and other material |
| menarche | is the first menstrual period |
| the typical length of the menstrual cycle | is 22 to 45 days, with 28 days being the average |
| first day of the cycle | is known as the first day of the menstrual flow |
| at the begining of each cycle | several follicles each of which contain an ovum begins to develop in an ovary |
| the follicles that is released from the ovum | produces increasing amounts of estrogen |
| the estrogen produced in the follicles | is then carried to the uterus by the bloodstream where the endometrium is prepared for possible pregnancy |
| ovulation | typically occurs on day 14. menstrual flows follows aroud 2 weeks later. |
| under the influence of estrogen and progesterone | the endometrium thickens and the glands and blood vessels increase in size |
| FSH and LH released | from the pituitary gland are prohibited due to the rise in levels of estrogen and progesterone. during this phase the OVUM travels to the utreus through the FALLOPIAN TUBE. |
| during the ovaluation | changes occur in both the ovary and uterus |
| if fertilization does not occur during ovaluation | the corpus luteum degenerates and estrogen and progesterone levels decrease |
| if no fertilization occurs small hemorrhage then | appear in the tissue, which are known as menstrual flow or menses. during this time small pieces of endometrium slough off and accompany the blood flow. |
| menopause | a normal condition when the menstration ceases altogether |
| menopause usually occurs | between the ages of 45-55. caused by normal decline in ovarium formation |
| the decrease in estrogen levels | can cause nervous symptoms including anxiety and insomnia. |
| hot flashes are contributed to | lower levels of estrogen during menopause |
| hormones areprescribes | to relieve the discomforts common with menopause |
| hormone replaccement therapy usually includes | a combination of estrogen with synthetic progesterone, which prevent the overgrowth of the endometrium and risk for endometrium cancer |
| hormone replaccement therapy can carry | increase risk in BREAST CANCER,THROMBOSIS and EMBOLISM, which is highest in those women who smoke. |
| it is important for HRT | to be given at lowest dose and for the shortest period of time possible in order to decrease these risk (BREAST CANCER,THROMBOSIS and EMBOLISM) |
| contraception | the most common way in which birth control is achieved |
| contraception is the use of | artificial methods to prevent fertilization of the ovum |
| abortifacients | are agents that cause abortion |
| some methods of birth control can act as | both contracception and abortfacients |
| most form of birth control do not prevent the transmission of | sexually transmitted infection unless specifically mentioned |
| hormonal methods of birth control | differ in the way that they are administer the hormone |
| emergency contracepive pill (EPC) | known as the morning after pill, is a synthetic progesterone that is taken within 72 hours after intercourse |
| emergency contracepive pill is intented for | emergency purposes only and not a regular form of birth control |
| hormones such as impalnon can be | Implanted under the skin in the upper arm. |
| impalnon | is highly effective and can last for 3 to 5 years. must be implanted by health care professional |
| mifepristone (RU486) | a drug that can be taken after conception to terminate an early pregnancy |
| mifepristone blocks (RU486) | the action of progerterone which causes the uterus to shed the lining and release the fertilized egg |
| birth control shot | which is an injection of synthetic progesterone every three months preventing ovulation and is also highly effective |
| birth control pill | which contains estrogen and progesterone and are highly effective but may increase the risk of cardiovascular disease |
| birth control shot last | for three to four months. may cause menstrual irregularity ot amenorrhea |
| birth control patch | administers estrogen and progestin through the skin. it is left on for three weeks and removed for the fourth week |
| birth control ring | is inserted inti the vagina and releases hormones internally. |
| birth control ring is left in place | for three week and removed in the fourth week. this type may cause infection and irritation |
| vacectomy or tubal ligation | is cutting and tying tubes that carry gametes. almost 100% effective |
| male condom | is a sheath that fits over the erect penis and prevents the release of semen |
| male condom protects | against sexually transmitted infection. it may also slip or tear |
| diaphgram | is a rubber cap that fits over the cervix and prevents the enterence of sperm. offers some protection against STDs |
| diaphgram must be | inserted prior to intercourse and left in for six hours. must be fitted by a doctor |
| contraceptive sponge | is a soft , disposible foam disk which contains spericide that is moistened with water and inserted into the vagina. |
| contraceptive sponge can protect | from pregnancy for twenty-four hours. it is non hormonal. offer some protection against STDs. is 85% to 90% effective and may cause skin irritation |
| intrauterine device | is a metal or plastic device that is inserted into the uterus through the vagina. works to prevent fertilization by releaseing copper or birth control hormones. |
| intrauterine device is highly | effective for five to ten years. a health care professional must place it and remove it. may cause heavy menstrual bleeding |
| spermicide | chemical used to kill sperm. causes local irritation |
| spermicide most effective | when used in combination with a barrier method. offers some protection against STDs. used just prior to intercourse. |
| fertility awareness, natural family planning | the use of the basil body tempature or the quallity of cervical mucus. this method has a high failure rate because it requirs very careful record keeping |
| fertilization of the ovum | begins with pregnancy and end with the delivery of the fetus and afterbirth |
| after semen are | deposited into the vagina they wiggle about in the uterus and fallopian tubes. |
| if an egg cell is present in the oviducts | the sperm cluster around it and use enzymes to dissolve the coating around the ovum so one of them can penetrate it |
| zygote | is a single cell and is the result of the union of the sperm and egg. it has 46 human chromosomes. |
| the zygote divides | quickly ending in a ball of cell, as it travels toward the uterine cavity |
| once the cluster of cells reaches the uterus | it burrows into the greatly thickened uterine lining then becoming an embryo |
| Chromosomes | are independent units of heredity in cells that are segments of DNA |
| every cell contains 46 chromosomes | and they exist in pairs, excepct for the sex cells, the X chromosomes and the Y chromosomes |
| each body cell has | one pair of sex chromosomes and 22 pairs that are not involved with sex determination |
| a dominant gene | expresses it effects in cells regardless if the matching chromosomes is the same or different from a dominant gene |
| a recessive gene | is not seen unless its matching chromosome is also recessive. |
| a recessive trait appears | only if the recessive gene for that trait is received from both parents. |
| a carrier | is someone who shows no evidence of a trait but has a recessive gene for that trait |
| two chromosomes | determine the offspring's sex |
| the female X chromosome | is larger than most other chromosomesn and carries genes for characteristics as well as sex. |
| the female has | two X chromosomes in one body cell |
| the male Y chromosome | is smaller than other sex chromosome and mainly deterimes sex. the male has one X chromosome and one Y chromosome |
| during meiosis | each sperm cell receives either a X or a Y chromosome but each ovum only get one X chromosome |
| if a X chromosome sperm fertilizes the ovum | the result is a female |
| if a Y chromosome sperm fertilizes the ovum | the result is a male |
| it is sex linked | When carried on a sex chromosome |
| sex linked traits | are carried o the X chromosome because the Y chromosome carries few traits aside from sex determination |
| some observable heredity traits are | skin, eye, and hair color and facial features. weight body build life span and susceptibility to disease are also influenced by genetics but are less clearly defined traits |
| in the first few days the embryo | get nourishment from the endometrium, but the second week the villi is formed |
| the placenta | is a organ of rispiration, nutrition and excretion for developing baby throughout gestation |
| mom and baby's blood | do not mix with each, everything goes through the placenta villi |
| umbilical cord | is a stalk of tissue that the embryo is connected to the developing placenta by |
| umbilical cord carries | blood to and from the fetus |
| umbilical cord has | two arteries that carry deoxygenated blood from the fetus to the placenta |
| umbilical cord has | one vein that carries oxygenated blood from the placenta to the fetus |
| fetal circulation | is the blood that bypasses the non functional lungs |
| in fetal circulation | the oxygenated blood goes directly to the liver of the fetus |
| the ductus venosus | a small vessel in the inferior vena cava, is where most of the blood is added to the deoxygenated blood |
| some of the blood flows | from the right atrium into the left atrium via a small hole in the atrial septum the formen ovale, minutes after the formen ovale closes |
| the ductus arteriosus | is a small essel that connects the pulmonary artery to the descending aorta and this is how the blood goes into systemic circuit |
| the placenta | is also considered an endocrine organ |
| Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HGC) | is the hormone that is produced soon after implantation that some of the embryonic cells produce |
| HGC | is what is detected in urine and blood for pregnancy |
| for pregnancy to be maintained | progesterone must be secreted because it maintains the endometrium and decreases the uterine muscles ability to contract so the body does not expel the embryo. |
| progesterone also | prepares the breast for milk secreation |
| estrogen promotes | enlargement of the uterus and the breast |
| by the 11th or 12th week of pregnancy | the placenta is secreting progesterone and estrogen in adquate amounts so the corpus luteum disintergrates. during this time of transition is when miscarriages are likely to occur |
| Human placenta lactation (HPL) | is a hormone secreted by the placenta it stimulates growth of the breast to prepare them for lactation, |
| HPL | regulates the levels of nutrition in the mothers blood to keep them available for the fetus |
| relaxin | is another placental hormone that softens the cervix and felaxes the sacral joints and the pubic symphysis allowing the birth canal to widen for deliverly |
| an embryo | is the developing baby for the first 8 weeks of life |
| embryology | is the study of the growth during the first 8 weeks of life |
| the heart and brain | are two of the first organs developed. |
| the firsrt heart beat | appears at 4 weeks |
| in the third week the | nervous system forms |
| limb buds start to develope | by the end of the firsy month, these will be the four extremities |
| the embryo by the end of the second month | takes on the appearence of a human |
| by the end of the second month | the males testes appear and begin to secrete testosterone |
| the fetus | is a developing baby from the begining of the 3rd month until birth, |
| surrounding the fetus is the | amniotic sac which is filled with amniotic fluid |
| amniotic fluid | is a protective cushion for the fetus |
| vernix caseosa | is a protective layer covering the fetus, its a cheese like substance. the ovaries form during this time |
| during the second trimester months4 to 6 | is the most rapid growth for the fetus |
| by the end of the 4th month | you are able to tell the sex of the baby |
| at the end of pregnancy average length | of the baby is 45 to 56cm (18 to 22 1/2 inches) |
| at the end of pregnancy average weight | of the baby is 2.7 to 4.5kgm (6 to 16 lbs) |
| total pregnancy time | is 280 or 40 weeks from the first day of the last menstrual period |
| mom's heart | has to pump more blood, her lungs provide more oxygen, her kidney secrete nitrogenous waste from both her and the fetus and her digestive system supplies additional nutrients for the maternial organ and the fetal growth |
| neusea and vomiting | is common it can last from weeks to months and the believed cause is a change in hormone level |
| urinary frequency and constipation | may be [resent during early pregnancy when the descend into pelvis |
| ultrasound | is a noninvasive way of studying soft tissue that can be used to diagnosis pregnancy, judge fetal age, determine the location of the placenta and detect excess amonic fluid, fetal abnormalities |
| it si not known what | the exact stimulus is that starts uterine contraction |
| after labor begins | oxytocin is frleased as a result of the stimulation of the cervix and vagina |
| factors that may contribute to the start of labor | prostanglandins are produced when the uterine muscle stretches and this promotes uterine contraction. pressure from the baby on the cervix stimulates the release of oxytocin. changes in the placenta may attribute to the onset of the labor. cortisol from the fetal adrenal cortex inhibits the moms progerterone and this increase of estrogen compared to progerterone may stimulate uterine contractions |
| labor and delivery | also known as parturition |
| parturition | is the process by which the fetus is expelled fromthe uterus |
| the first stage of labor begins with the onset of | regular uterine contractions, the cervix bends and opens larger, and may rupture of membrane (amnotic sac) at this time |
| the second stage of labor begins when the | cervix is completely dilated to 10cm and ends when the deliverly of the baby |
| the third satgeof labor begins after | the baby is born and ends with the expulsion of the afterbirth (placenta) |
| the fourth satge of labor begins after | expulsion of the afterbirth an includes the time when bleeding is controlled. the uterus contracts and closes off the blood vessels at the plancental site. an episiotomy may have to be done to prevent tearing of the pelvic floor tissues right before baby is born so the doctor will repair it at this time |
| in a cesarean section | an incision is made in the abdominal wall and uterine wall for delivery of the baby |
| reasons person may have to have a c section | including placental abnormalities, abnormal fetal position, disproportion between the head of the fetus and the mother pelvis |
| the mammary gland | are in the breasts and are ecessive to the reproductive system |
| secretions from the lobes in the glands go through the | lactiferous ducts which end at the papilla. (nipples) |
| placental lactogen | helps prepare the breasts for lactation |
| prolactin (PRL) | stimlates the mammary glands secretory cells |
| the first secretion is colostrim | it is the different from milk and contains antibodies. it takes 2 to 3 days before milk come in and can continue for years so long as milk is frquently removed by a sucking baby or pumping |
| a live birth | is the erm if a baby breaths or showa evidence of life such as heart beat, pulsation of umbilical cord, or has movement of voluntary muscles. |
| premature infant | is one born before organ systems mature |
| after 20 week | the fetus is considered viable |
| a fetus born before 24 weeks | has approximately a 50% chance of survival the closer to 40 weeks the greater the chance of survival |
| an abortion | is the loss of an embryo or fetus before the 20th week or a weight of 500 grams |
| spontaneous abortion | also known as a miscarriage occurs naturally and is usually related to abnormality of the mother reproductive organs, infections or chronic disorders |
| induced abortion | is the result of artifical or mechanical interruption of a pregnancy |
| therapeutic abortion | is performed by a doctor for treatment of multiple reasons |
| fetal death | is the loss of a fetus after the 8th week of pregnancy |
| a stillbirth | is the delivery of infant who is lifeless |
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