Unit 14 Digestive System Anatomy
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87 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 digestive system | includes the oral cavity (mouth), pharynx (throat), esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus |
| acessory organs | include the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas |
| gastrointestinal | also described as the structures of the digestive system |
| upper gi tract | tract consisting of the mouth, esophagus, and stomach |
| lower gi tract | tract consisting of the small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus |
| bowels | the intestines are also referred to as this |
| oral cavity | includes the mouth, lips, hard and soft palates, salivary glands, tongue, teeth, and the periodontium |
| labia | also known as the lips; forms the opening to the oral cavity |
| palate | forms the roof of the mouth |
| rugae | irregular ridges or folds in the mucous membrane; covers the anterior portion of the palate and can also be found in the stomach |
| soft palate | forms the flexible posterior portion of the palate; it has the important role of closing off the nasl passage during swallowing so food does not move upward into the nasal cavity |
| hard palate | forms the bony anterior portion of the palate which is covered with a specialized mucous membrane |
| uvula | hangs from the free edge of the soft palate, helps in producing sounds and speech |
| tongue | is very strong and flexible, aids in speech and moves food during chewing and swallowing |
| papillae | also known as taste buds |
| highly vascular | means containing many blood vessels |
| dentition | refers to the natural teeth arranged in the maxillary and mandibular arches |
| endentulous | means without teeth; this term is used after the natural teeth have been lost |
| cuspids | also known as incisors and canines; used for biting and tearing |
| bicuspids | also known as premolars; used for chewing and grinding |
| primary dentition | also known as deciduous dentition or baby teeth, consists of 20 teeth; normally are lost and replaced by the permanent teeth |
| permanent teeth | consists of 32 teeth; designed to last a lifetime |
| occlusion | any contact between the chewing surfaces of the maxillary and mandibular teeth |
| malocclusion | any deviation from a normal occulsion |
| crown | the portion of the tooth that is visible in the mouth, is covered with enamel, the strongest tissue in the body |
| root | the part of the tooth that holds the tooth securely in plave with the dental arch |
| dentin | makes up the bulk of the tooth and is protected by the enamel and cementrum |
| pulp chamber | the inner area of the crown of the tooth that runs downward to form the root canals; made up of a rich supply of blood vessels and nerves |
| periodontium | consists of the bone and soft tissues that surround and support the teeth |
| gingiva | also known as gums, is the specialized mucous membrane that surrounds the teeth, covers the bone of the dentral arches, and continues to form the lining of the cheeks |
| salivary glands | secrete saliva that moistens food, begins the digestive process, and cleanses the mouth |
| parotid glands | located on the face in front of and slightly lower than each ear |
| sublingual glands | located on the underside of the tongue |
| submandibular glands | located on the floor of the mouth |
| pharynx | also known as the throat, is the common passageway for both respiration and digestions |
| esophagus | also known as the gullet, is a collapsible tube that leads from the parhynx to the stomach |
| lower esophageal sphincter | also known as the cardiac sphincter, is a ring like muscle that controls the flow between the esophagus and the stomach |
| stomach | a saclike organ composed of the fundus, body, and antrum |
| rugae | the folds in the mucosa lining the stomach |
| pylorus | the narrow passage connecting the stomach with the small intestine |
| pyloric sphincter | the muscle ring that controls the flow from the stomach to the duodenum of the small intestine |
| small intestine | extends from the pyloric sphincter to the first part of the large intestine |
| duodenum | the first portion of the small intestine, extends from the pylorus to the jejunum |
| jejunum | the middle portion of the small intestine, extends from the duodenum to the ileum |
| ileum | the last portion of the small intestine, extends from the jejunum to the cecum of the large intestine |
| ileocecal valve | controls the flow from the ileum of the small intestine into the cecum of the large intestine |
| large intestine | extends from the end of the small intestine to the anus |
| cecum | a pouch that lies on the right side of the abdomen |
| vermiform appendix | commonly called the appendix, hangs from the lower portion of the cecum |
| rectum | the last division of the large intestine, ends as the anus |
| anus | the lower opening of the digestive tract |
| anorectal | refers to the anus and rectum as a single unit |
| hepatic | means pertaining to the liver |
| glucose | also known as blood sugar |
| bilirubin | a pigment produced from the destruction of hemoglobin, is released by the liver in bile |
| bile | a digestive juice containing enzymes the break down fat |
| biliary | means pertaining to bile |
| gallbladder | a pear-shaped sac located under the lived |
| pancreas | a feather-shaped organ located posterior to the stomach |
| digestion | the process by which complex foods are broken down into nutrients in a form the body can use |
| enzymes | responsible for the chemical changes that break foods down into simpler forms of nutrients for use by the body |
| nutrient | a substance, usually from food, that is necessary for normal functioning of the body |
| anabolism | the building up of body cells and substances from nutrients |
| catabolism | the opposite of anabolism, is the breaking down of body cells or substances, releasing energy and carbon dioxide |
| absorption | the process by which completely digested nutrients are taken into the circulatory system by passing through the capillaries located in the walls of the small intestine |
| villi | the tiny hairlike projections that line the walls of the small intestine |
| mastication | also known as chewing breaks food down into smaller pieces and mixes it with saliva |
| saliva | contains an enzyme that begins the chemical breakdown to convert starches into sugar |
| peristalsis | a series of wavelike contractions of the smooth muscles in a single direction |
| chyme | the semifluid mass of partly digested food that passes from the stomach, through the pyloric sphincter, and into the small intestine |
| emulsification | process in which bile breaks down fat |
| feces | also known as stools, are solid wastes expelled through the rectum and anus |
| defectation | also known as bowel movement, is the evacuation or emptying of the large intestines |
| flatulence | also known as flatus, is the gas that is passed out of the body though the rectum |
| borborygmus | the rumbling noise caused by the movement of gas in the intestine |
| ascending colon | colon the travels upward from the cecum to the undersurface of the liver |
| transverse colon | colon that passes horizontally from right to left toward the spleen |
| descending colon | colon that travels down the left side of the abdominal cavity to the sigmoid colon |
| sigmoid colon | colon that is an s-shaped structure that continues from the descending colon above and joins with the rectum below |
| alimentary canal | the digestive system is also known as this |
| oral cavity | also known as the mouth |
| cheil/o | means lips of the mouth |
| odonti | means teeth |
| fundus | upper, rounded part of the stomach |
| antrum | lower part of the stomach |
| hepat | means liver |
| cholecyst | means gallbladder |
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