Cogntive Neuroscience (test 3)
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Created by:
CaylaThompson on November 15, 2011
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Description:
End of Memory, Language and Attention
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98 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Retrograde Amnesia | Deficit in memory for information learned before the onset of Amnesia, Impairment is often temporally graded, old memories are well preserved. |
| Anterograde Amnesia | Hallmark feature of organic amnesia, failure to form new memories, Short delay leads to remember short prose piece, long delay leads to harder to remember, Short term memory is intact, significant forgetting, learning deficits occur for verbal and spatial |
| Primacy Effects | Reflects transfer from short term memory to long term memory |
| Recency Effect | Reflects retention in Short term memory |
| Amnesics | Don't show primacy effect but have recency effect a.k.a. Remember words at the end of the list. |
| H.M. | Case study of Amnesia, Surgical Removal of Hippocampus and Surrounding cortex, Severe new learning deficit (anterograde amnesia) Some loss of events 1-3 years prior to surgery (retrograde amnesia) Intact IQ, language, attention, knowledge base, childhood memories |
| Cerebellum | Procedural Memory |
| Pre-Frontal Cortex | Short Term Memory, working memory |
| Frontal and Temporal Lobes | Long Term Memory, semantic and episodic |
| Amygdala | Emotional Memories |
| Hippocampus | Responsible for the formation of Long Term Memories leads to consolidations, important for relational memory |
| Korsakoffs Syndrome | Damage to the thalamus and mammillary bodies, Retrograde and Anterograde amnesia and other symptoms due to thimone deficiency. |
| Herpes Simplex Encephalitis | ... |
| Temporal Lobectomy | Used to treat epilepsy, damage to temporal lobs |
| Anoxia | Damage to Hippocampus |
| Anterior Communication Artery Aneurysm | Damage to Basal Fore Brain |
| Animal Models of Amnesia | The neuro anatomy of the medial temporal lobe is similar in many mammals. |
| Delayed non-matched sample task | Task: pick opposite location relative to where reward was last seen so monkeys sees reward then screen down , reward |
| Declarative vs. Non Declarative | Medial temporal lobe, amnesics showed spared procedural learning and perceptual priming |
| Semantic vs. Episodic | Patient KC severe anterograde and retrograde amnesia partially for episodic and source memories. KC could learn some new semantic information |
| Recall | Type of memory retrieval in which the information to be retrieved must be pulled from memory with very few external cues |
| Retrieval Failure | Recall has failed (tip of the tongue) |
| Recognition | The ability to match |
| Semantic vs. Episodic | Hear a list of related words, asked to look at a list of test words, decide which ones you've seen and which ones you hadn't |
| Relational Memory | Making an association between object information with spatial information |
| Three Layers of the Hippocampus | CA1 Pyramidal Cells, Granual Cells, CA3 Pyramidal Cells |
| Long Term Potentiation | response to stimulation over time will increase in the granule cells, post synaptic potential are graded |
| Hebb's Law | Neurons that fire together wire together |
| Cooperativity | more than one input must be active simultaneously |
| Associvity | Weak inputs are strengthened with the co-occur with stronger input |
| Specificity | Only stimulated synapses are potentiated8 |
| NMDA Receptors | Gated by glutamate and Mg2, excited by MDA and glutamate, usually blocked by magnesium Ion, Weak stimulus don't cause it to open |
| Magnesium | Prevents currents from flowing through |
| Aphasia | inability to recognize the meaning of words |
| Tonal Agnosia | can't tell the differences between different worlds. |
| Mental Lexicon | Storage of words and concepts, a mental store of information about words that includes semantic information ,Synaptic Information, Word forms. Like dictionary but no fixed content meaning words can be learned and more frequently used words can be accessed more quickly |
| Perceptual Analysis of linguistic input | speech comprehension and reading |
| Language | Damage to Basal Fore Brain |
| Orthographic | Written/seen |
| Phonological | Pronounced/Heard |
| Organization of Language | Sounds then Phonemes then Morphemes then Words then Sentences |
| Phonemes | Smallest unit of sound that makes a difference in meaning |
| Morphemes | Smallest meaningful unit in grammar |
| Syntax | ... |
| Mental Lexicon | Concept, Lemma, Lexeme |
| Concept | Semantic Representation |
| Lemma | Synaptic representation |
| Lexeme | Phonological Representation |
| Semantic Priming Effect | Facilitation of Word Recognition due to semantic associations |
| Naming Task | Reading target word out loud |
| Lexical Decision task | Is the target word a word or a non word |
| Wernicke's Aphasia Patients | Make semantic paraphrases e.g. horse instead of cow |
| Deep Dyslexia | Similar errors in reading |
| Progressive Semantic Dementia | Progressive damage to temporal lobs, impairment in conceptual systems |
| Category specific semantic Deficits | Deficits for Living things. vs. Non living thing. Production and comprehension following left temporal lobe. |
| Warington et. al. | Knowledge about different classes of things depends to varying degrees on visual vs. functional properties, computation model can account for apparent category specific deficits with property based account |
| Caramezza and Shelton | Linguistics materials in previous studies poorly controlled conceptual categories |
| Language Comprehension | Difficult Problem-Variability in signal: speech sounds vary as a function of context. Unlike written input, identification of word boundaries is different in spoken input |
| Cohort Model of Speech Comprehension | time dependent process, speech processing starts with the very first phoneme all words beginning with that phoneme then become activated, as more phonemes are processed, non-matching word reps are eliminated form the cohort until only one remains, model is too simplistic -also competition between words that don't match |
| Speech v. Non Speech Sounds | Speech sounds activate more than tone. Areas that activate more strongly to words and non0words are almost entirely lateralized to the left hemisphere |
| Pick Up Electric (EEG) or Magnetic (MEG) | Signals that stem from large populations of neurons |
| EEG | Not good at localization but good at temporal resolution difference in activities on a fine time scale. To derive a signal related to a particular event, need to average over many trials aligned on a particular event (called ERPs in EEG) |
| EEG-uses | use EEG to detect current pattern characteristics of seizure activity, good temporal resolution |
| Inverse Problem | Any given pattern observed on the surface of the scalp can result from many possibly locations of underlying neural generators. |
| Forward Solution | A single dipolar change simulates an active neuronal population inside and result in a distinct pattern of signals |
| Magnetencephalograhy (MEG) | Better at the inverse problems so better spatial resolution, Magnetic field not as distorted as electrical signal but best signal comes from sulci, where pyramidal neurons are orientated parallel to skull surface |
| Comparison of Methods,fMRI and EEG or MEG | fMRI is good at spatial resolution, PET isn't as good. EEG or MEG excellent temporal resolution |
| Left Occipital Temporal Cortex | Shows preferential responses to letter strings vs. other visual stimuli. If damaged, can suffer from alexia |
| Alexia | Word recognition specific deficit |
| Deep Dyslexia | Patients can't read non-words but can read irregular words. Problem with grapheme-phomeme conversion |
| Surface Dyslexia | Patients read everything by regularizing pronunciation. Problems with the direct rout. |
| Semantics (word recognition) | Semantically incongruous words elicit a negative ERP wave of 400 ms after stimulus onset: N400 Wave. Observed for many different manipulations. Independent of modality language. Indicates that by 400ms afterwords onset the words. |
| Syntax | Grammar; the system of rules by which worlds are combined into phrases and phrases into sentences |
| Semantic Analysis | Proceeds even for meaningless sentences |
| Garden Path Model (Syntax) | Sentences are processed in a way to minimize the amount of time spent on a assignment of syntactic structures, sentences have a preferred interpretation which is determined by minimal attachment and late closure |
| Minimal Attachment (GPM) | Minimize the number of syntactic nodes to be computed |
| Late Closure (GPM) | Attempt to assign incoming words to syntactic phrase currently being computed |
| Garden Path Effect | an incorrect interpretation of a sentence due to an inappropriate synaptic parsing. The model is Modular-Syntactic processing is encapsulated: cannot be influenced by other sources of information except after it is completed. |
| Brocas Area | activates more strongly to complex than single syntactic structure. |
| Agrammatic Aphsis | After lesions to brocas area or ant. STG produce short |
| P600 | Positive ERP wave 600 ms after syntactic violation, also observed in sentencess with the garden path affect |
| Tip of the Tongue Phenomena | Failure to retrieve phonological rep despite access to semantic rep |
| Anomia | Deficit in naming (extreme version of TOT) |
| Brocas Area (speech production) | May be specific to phonological encoding but posterior Broca's also involved in articulation |
| Left Basal Temporal | Cortical stimulation produces speech arrest |
| Acute Fasciculus | Connects Brocas and Wericke areas together |
| Brocas Aphasia | Difficulty in speech production to problems in programming articulation or control over articulatory muscles, also agrammatism; syntactic processing impaired, damage to classical brocas area |
| Wernickes Aphasis | Difficult in accessing semantic and phonological representations for spoken output, persistent with aphasics requires lesions in surrounding post. Temporal inferior parietal cortex. |
| Attention | Higher Level process, directing cognitive resources towards processing. Limited ability to process thing in our environment on a deep level, withdrawing resources. |
| Stimulus independent affects | Neural correlates of delaying attention without stimulus (expectation) |
| Reflexive | Exogenous/Automatic. Attention drawn to a something that stands out. Spot color |
| Voluntary | Endogenous. Focus on unopened flowed. Something ordinary in the picture. |
| Characteristics of Attention | Can be reflexive or voluntary, limited capacity, no eye movement or head turning required. |
| Covernt Visual Attention | Ability to direct attention to a given location without eye movements to this location. Don't' turn your head or eyes away but still notice something |
| Selective attention | Ability to selectively process only a subset of information |
| Attention | Speeds up processing and make it more accurate. |
| Spatial Attention in the Brain | ERPs during spatial cuing task. Attentional effect found 70-100ms after stimulus-PL component Modulates activity in retinotopic cortex. Upper part is more active. |
| "Spotlight" spatial attention | increased activity in regions of retinotopic cortex, that represents the attended location |
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